Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mercury was determined by isotope dilution cold-vapor inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-CV-ICP-MS) in four different liquid petroleum SRMs. Samples of approximately 0.3 g were spiked with stable (201)Hg and wet ashed in a closed system (Carius tube) using 6 g of high-purity nitric acid. Three different types of commercial oils were measured: two Texas crude oils, SRM 2721 (41.7+/-5.7 pg g(-1)) and SRM 2722 (129+/-13 pg g(-1)), a low-sulfur diesel fuel, SRM 2724b (34+/-26 pg g(-1)), and a low-sulfur residual fuel oil, SRM 1619b (3.5+/-0.74 ng g(-1)) (mean value and 95% CI). The Hg values for the crude oils and the diesel fuel are the lowest values ever reported for these matrices. The method detection limit, which is ultimately limited by method blank uncertainty, is approximately 10 pg g(-1) for a 0.3 g sample. Accurate Hg measurements in petroleum products are needed to assess the contribution to the global Hg cycle and may be needed in the near future to comply with reporting regulations for toxic elements.
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PMID:Determination of mercury in SRM crude oils and refined products by isotope dilution cold vapor ICP-MS using closed-system combustion. 1280 72

1. We investigated the effects of serum albumin on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 267.4 macrophages. Crude fraction-V type albumin as well as bovine serum albumin filtrated for endotoxin induced concentration-dependent iNOS expression in macrophages. Accordingly, NO production (estimated by supernatant nitrite) was markedly (up to 10-fold) increased in the presence of albumin. 2. Albumin-induced expression of iNOS protein was inhibited by cycloheximide and NO production was abolished after incubation of the cells with an iNOS inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (LNMMA). 3. An inhibitor of the NF-kappaB pathway, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), as well as inhibitors of JAK2/STAT and ERK, AG490 and U0126, respectively, significantly reduced albumin-induced iNOS expression and NO production, while an inhibitor of the p38 pathway, SB203580, did not significantly affect NO production induced by albumin. 4. Both types of serum albumin were contaminated with traces of endotoxin. The endotoxin levels were found not to be sufficient for the observed induction of nitrite production in RAW 267.4 cells. In addition, the albumin-stimulated induction of iNOS was not reduced by preincubation of albumin-containing media with polymyxin B, a LPS inhibitor. 5. Polymerised albumin fractions were detected in the commercially available albumin tested in this study. A monomeric albumin-rich fraction, separated by ultrafiltration, showed a potent inducing effect on iNOS expression and NO production, while a polymer-rich fraction showed a smaller effect. 6. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) of albumin were not formed by interaction with glucose in incubation medium, as AGE was not increased even after long-time (4 weeks) incubation in albumin-containing media [3.2-4.4 microg ml(-1) (basal) vs 4.8-5.6 microg ml(-1) (in glucose-containing media)]. However, the duration of albumin exposure to glucose influenced the basal stimulatory properties of albumin. 7. Our results suggest that serum albumin fractions, as gained by cold alcoholic extraction, may include determinants that stimulate or further enhance stimulation of RAW 267.4 cells and are different from endotoxin, polymeric albumin and AGE.
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PMID:Serum albumin induces iNOS expression and NO production in RAW 267.4 macrophages. 1528 88

An instrument for cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA), located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), has proven useful for the measurement of boron in a variety of materials. Neutrons, moderated by passage through liquid hydrogen at 20 K, pass through a (58)Ni coated guide to the PGAA station in the cold neutron guide hall of the NCNR. The thermal equivalent neutron fluence rate at the sample position is 9 x 10(8) cm(-2) s(-1). Prompt gamma rays are measured by a cadmium- and lead-shielded high-purity germanium detector. The instrument has been used to measure boron mass fractions in minerals, in NIST SRM 2175 (Refractory Alloy MP-35-N) for certification of boron, and most recently in semiconductor-grade silicon. The limit of detection for boron in many materials is <10 ng g(-1).
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PMID:Determination of boron in materials by cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. 1561 60

Akt/PKB is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes tumor cell growth by phosphorylating transcription factors and cell cycle proteins. There is particular interest in finding tumor-specific substrates for Akt to understand how this protein functions in cancer and to provide new avenues for therapeutic targeting. Our laboratory sought to identify novel Akt substrates that are expressed in breast cancer. In this study, we determined that activated Akt is positively correlated with the protein expression of the transcription/translation factor Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) in primary breast cancer by screening tumor tissue microarrays. We therefore questioned whether Akt and YB-1 might be functionally linked. Herein, we illustrate that activated Akt binds to and phosphorylates the YB-1 cold shock domain at Ser102. We then addressed the functional significance of disrupting Ser102 by mutating it to Ala102. Following the stable expression of Flag:YB-1 and Flag:YB-1 (Ala102) in MCF-7 cells, we observed that disruption of the Akt phosphorylation site on YB-1 suppressed tumor cell growth in soft agar and in monolayer. This correlated with an inhibition of nuclear translocation by the YB-1(Ala102) mutant. In conclusion, YB-1 is a new Akt substrate and disruption of this specific site inhibits tumor cell growth.
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PMID:Akt phosphorylates the Y-box binding protein 1 at Ser102 located in the cold shock domain and affects the anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. 1580 60

The present study evaluated the effect of 35 days of experimental horizontal bed-rest on exercise and immersion thermoregulatory function. Fifteen healthy male volunteers were assigned to either a Control (n = 5) or Bed-rest (n = 10) group. Thermoregulatory function was evaluated during a 30-min bout of submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer, followed immediately by a 100-min immersion in 28 degrees C water. For the Bed-rest group, exercise and immersion thermoregulatory responses observed post-bed-rest were compared with those after a 5 week supervised active recovery period. In both trials, the absolute work load during the exercise portion of the test was identical. During the exercise and immersion, we recorded skin temperature, rectal temperature, the difference in temperature between the forearm and third digit of the right hand (DeltaT(forearm-fingertip))--an index of skin blood flow, sweating rate from the forehead, oxygen uptake and heart rate at minute intervals. Subjects provided ratings of temperature perception and thermal comfort at 5-min intervals. Exercise thermoregulatory responses after bed-rest and recovery were similar. Subjective ratings of temperature perception and thermal comfort during immersion indicated that subjects perceived similar combinations of Tsk and Tre to be warmer and thermally less uncomfortable after bed-rest. The average (SD) exercise-induced increase in Tre relative to resting values was not significantly different between the Post-bed-rest (0.4 (0.2) degrees C) and Recovery (0.5 (0.2) degrees C) trials. During the post-exercise immersion, the decrease in Tre, relative to resting values, was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the Post-bed-rest trial (0.9 (0.5) degrees C) than after recovery (0.4 (0.3) degrees C). DeltaT(forearm-fingertip) was 5.2 (0.9) degrees C and 5.8 (1.0) degrees C at the end of the post-bed-rest and recovery immersions, respectively. The gain of the shivering response (increase in VO(2) relative to the decrease in Tre; VO(2)/Tre) was 1.19 l min(-1) degrees C(-1) in the Recovery trial, and was significantly attenuated to 0.51 l min(-1) degrees C(-1) in the Post-bed-rest trial. The greater cooling rate observed in the post-bed-rest trial is attributed to the greater heat loss and reduced heat production. The former is the result of attenuated cold-induced vasoconstriction and enhanced sweating rate, and the latter a result of a lower shivering VO(2) response.
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PMID:Human thermoregulatory function during exercise and immersion after 35 days of horizontal bed-rest and recovery. 1603 21

In plant cells, certain membrane proteins move by unknown mechanisms directly from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to prevacuolar or vacuole-like organelles where membrane is internalized to form a dense, lattice-like structure. Here, we identify a sequence motif, PIEPPPHH, in the cytoplasmic tail of a membrane protein that directs the protein from the ER to vacuoles where it is internalized. A type II membrane protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, (At)SRC2 (for Soybean Gene Regulated by Cold-2), binds specifically to PIEPPPHH and moves from the ER to the same vacuoles where it is internalized. Not all proteins that move in this pathway are internalized because another Arabidopsis type II membrane protein, (At)VAP (for Vesicle-Associated Protein), localizes to the same organelles but remains exposed on the limiting membrane. The identification of (At)SRC2 and its preference for interaction with a targeting motif specific for the ER-to-vacuole pathway may provide tools for future dissection of mechanisms involved in this unique trafficking system.
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PMID:Selective membrane protein internalization accompanies movement from the endoplasmic reticulum to the protein storage vacuole pathway in Arabidopsis. 1622 54

We have generated mice that carry a neuron-specific leptin receptor (LEPR) transgene whose expression is driven by the rat synapsin I promoter synapsin-LEPR B (SYN-LEPR-B). We have also generated mice that are compound hemizygotes for the transgenes SYN-LEPR-B and neuron-specific enolase-LEPR B (NSE-LEPR-B). We observed a degree of correction in db/db mice that are hemizygous (Syn db/db) and homozygous (Syn/Syn db/db) for the SYN-LEPR-B transgene similar to that previously reported for the NSE-LEPR-B transgene. We also show complete correction of the obesity and related phenotypes of db/db mice that are hemizygous for both NSE-LEPR-B and SYN-LEPR-B transgenes (Nse+Syn db/db). Body composition, insulin sensitivity, and cold tolerance were completely normalized in Nse+Syn db/db mice at 12 weeks of age compared with lean controls. In situ hybridization for LEPR B isoform expression in Nse+Syn db/db mice showed robust expression in the energy homeostasis-relevant regions of the hypothalamus. Expression of 3 neuropeptide genes, agouti-related peptide (Agrp), neuropeptide Y (Npy), and proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), was fully normalized in dual transgenic db/db mice. The 2 transgenes in concert conferred normal fertility to male and female db/db mice. Male mice with partial peripheral deletion of Lepr, induced in the periweaning phase, did not show alterations in body composition or mass. In summary, we show that brain-specific leptin signaling is sufficient to reverse the obesity, diabetes, and infertility of db/db mice.
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PMID:Complete rescue of obesity, diabetes, and infertility in db/db mice by neuron-specific LEPR-B transgenes. 1628 52

Environmental sampling has become increasingly important in the food industry for monitoring the presence of specific pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Several microbiological media are available for storage and transport of environmental samples from the processing plant to the test laboratory. In this study, we quantified the survival of L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhi in environmental sampling media over several time and temperature combinations to determine optimum conditions for transport and storage. A cocktail of L. monocytogenes strains and Salmonella serotypes was separately added to tubes of Dey-Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Broth, Copan SRK solution, and Neutralizing Buffer and incubated at either -4, 4, 10, or 15 degree C. Counts were made of the bacterial load after 0, 12, 24, and 48 h. Neutralizing Buffer and Copan SRK solution were best at maintaining bacterial concentrations at all temperatures. D/E Neutralizing Broth, at 10 and 15 degrees C, allowed significant bacterial growth. This study helped validate the use of these 3 media for environmental sample transport and storage at cold holding temperatures and demonstrated that, at elevated temperatures (>4 degrees C), it is preferable to use Neutralizing Buffer or Copan SRK solution for quantifying microbial recovery.
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PMID:Quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes and select salmonella serotypes from environmental sample media. 1737 57

This work describes an efficient, fast, and reliable analytical methodology for mercury determination in urine samples using stripping chronopotentiometry at gold film electrodes. The samples were sonicated in the presence of concentrated HC1 and H2O2 for 15 min in order to disrupt the organic ligands and release the mercury. Thirty samples can be treated over the optimized region of the ultrasonic bath. This sample preparation was enough to allow the accurate stripping chronopotentiometric determination of mercury in the treated samples. No background currents and no passivation of the gold film electrode due to the sample matrix were verified. The samples were also analyzed by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) and good agreement between the results was verified. The analysis of NIST SRM 2670 (Toxic Metals in Freeze-Dried Urine) also validated the proposed electroanalytical method. Finally, this method was applied for mercury evaluation in urine of workers exposed to hospital waste incinerators.
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PMID:Fast ultrasound-assisted treatment of urine samples for chronopotentiometric stripping determination of mercury at gold film electrodes. 1772 25

A highly selective, sensitive and rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of inorganic mercury based on the reaction of Hg (II) with 6-mercaptopurine and the solid phase extraction of the complex on C18 membrane disks was developed. The 6-mercaptopurine selectively reacts with Hg (II) to form a complex in the pH range of 5-8. This complex was preconcentrated by solid phase extraction with C18 disks. An enrichment factor of 100 was achieved. The molar absorptivity of the complex is 0.26 x 10(-6) L. mol(-1) cm(-1) measured at 315 nm. The Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.002-0.048 microg mL(-1). The relative standard deviation for eleven-replicated measurement of 0.04 microg mL(-1) is 1.5 %. The detection limit is 0.001 microg mL(-1) in the water samples. The advantage of the method is that the determination of Hg (II) is free from interference of almost all the cations and anions found in environment and wastewater samples. The determination of Hg (II) in water samples of different origins and marine sediment were carried out by the present method and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Also the method's accuracy was investigated by using SRM 2709. The obtained results by the present procedure were in good agreement with those of the CVAAS and certified value, so that the applicability of the proposed method was confirmed for the real samples.
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PMID:Solid-phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of mercury with 6-mercaptopurine in environmental samples. 1789 81


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