Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the effects of a short-term high altitude residence (2 weeks between 4150 m and 6885 m in the Andes) on the general and local cold responses after descent, 11 subjects were submitted both to a whole body standard cold air test (SCAT, dry bulb temperature = 1 degree C, 2 h, nude, at rest) and to a local cold water test of the right upper limb (CWT, 5 degrees C, 5 min) both before and after the expedition. Compared to before the expedition, a lower systolic blood pressure was observed after the high altitude residence [130.00 (SEM 3.35) mm Hg vs 140.40 (SEM 4.74) mm Hg at the end of CWT, P < 0.05] whereas no significant change either in diastolic blood pressure or in heart rate was found. All skin temperatures of the right upper limb were lowered (P < 0.05). During SCAT, body temperatures were unchanged (rectal and mean skin temperature, Tsk) but metabolic heat production was slightly but significantly diminished [110 (SEM 4) W.m-2 vs 125 (SEM 3) W.m-2, P < 0.05] and heat debt increased [11.37 (SEM 1.11) kJ.kg-1 vs 9.30 (SEM 2.30) kJ.kg-1, P < 0.05]. Moreover, the time of onset of continuous shivering (d) was shortened [8.20 (SEM 1.90) min vs 17.30 (SEM 3.60) min, P < 0.05] and the level of Tsk observed at (d) was higher [25.70 (SEM 0.80) degrees C vs 23.57 (SEM 0.78) degrees C, P < 0.05] suggesting an increase in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system despite the slight decreased shivering activity observed. It was concluded that general and local cold tolerance were modified by a short-term residence at altitude and that the changes observed were not in accordance with general or (and) local cold adaptation. In contrast, high altitude sojourn could be a risk factor for frostbite of the extremities.
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PMID:General and local cold responses in humans after 2 weeks at high altitude. 900 54

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of long term cold exposure on thermal responses and physical performance in men while wearing nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protective clothing. Six healthy men performed 60 min work/60 min rest cycles during 8 hours at an ambient temperature of -10 degrees C. Work was performed by stepping on a 20 cm high bench 15 times.min-1. Subjects were tested while wearing two different types of NBC clothing: impermeable rubber suit (IP) or semipermeable charcoal impregnated suit (SP) with cold weather underwear layers, as well as rubber gloves, boots and a full-face mask. During the tests oxygen consumption (VO2), rectal (Tre) and skin temperatures and sweat production were measured. Rectal and skin temperatures and body heat content followed the work/rest cycles in both types of NBC clothing. T(re) averaged 37.1 +/- 0.04 and 37.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C for IP and SP (NS), respectively. On average, mean skin temperature (Tsk) was 28.6 +/- 0.2 and 29.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C for IP and SP (p < 0.01), respectively. Finger skin temperature decreased rapidly to below 10 degrees C in both ensembles during the rest periods. During work the finger rewarming rate was 0.49 +/- 0.06 and 0.70 +/- 0.02 degree C.min-1 for IP and SP (p < 0.01), respectively. Decrease in body heat storage (S) during cold exposure was smaller in SP than in IP and S was restored to the level of -0.6 +/- 0.3 and -3.0 +/- 0.6 kJ.kg-1 in SP and IP (p < 0.01), respectively, during the work. Work load, according to VO2 measurements, was 1.5 +/- 0.1 and 1.3 +/- 0.11.min-1 for IP and SP (p < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, during rest VO2 was 30% (p < 0.001) higher in IP than in SP. In conclusion, both types of NBC protective clothing could be used for long periods in cold conditions at a moderate work load without marked whole body heat debt or heat load. However, peripheral parts of the body experienced a rapid and severe cooling during the rest periods. The semipermeable suit enabled higher body heat storage and faster rewarming of extremities during work than the impermeable suit.
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PMID:Thermal responses and physiological strain in men wearing impermeable and semipermeable protective clothing in the cold. 911 32

Subdiaphragmatically vagotomized rats cannot mount a febrile response to pyrogens and are believed to have severe thermoregulatory deficiencies. We addressed the issue of thermoeffector competence of vagotomized rats by asking three questions. In Expt. 1 we asked, can vagotomized rats readily recruit tail skin vasoconstriction in the course of a moderate cold exposure? In Expt. 2 the question was, can brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis readily be activated in vagotomized rats (e.g., in response to a tail pinch)? In Expt. 3, we investigated the question: can vagotomized rats elevate their body temperature in response to ephedrine (a drug of high hyperthermizing potential) to the same extent as sham-operated controls? Rats were vagotomized or sham operated and implanted with a catheter into the jugular vein and a thermocouple into the interscapular BAT. To prevent the common complications of vagotomy, special perioperative care was given. During experiments, colonic, tail skin, and BAT temperatures (Tc, Tsk, and TBAT, respectively) were measured. The vagotomized animals were well nourished and had a body mass (325 +/- 6 g) similar to that of the controls (338 +/- 6 g). In Expt. 1, in response to external cooling (15 degrees C, 1 h), the vagotomized (n = 30) and sham-operated (n = 31) rats recruited tail skin vasoconstriction at close values of both Tc (37.84 +/- 0.08 and 37.97 +/- 0.07 degrees C) and Tsk (33.16 +/- 0.17 and 33.18 +/- 0.18 degrees C, respectively). In Expt. 2, tail pinch-associated stress in vagotomized rats resulted in a sharp rise in the TBAT-Tc gradient by 0.3-1.0 degree C. In Expt. 3, ephedrine administered intravenously (whether in a 5 or 35 mg/kg dose) evoked similar hyperthermic responses in the vagotomized and sham-operated rats: a moderate (approximately 2.5 degrees C) Tc rise in the low dose and a "supramaximal" (approximately 5.0 degrees C) rise in the high dose. In sum, the answer to all three questions asked is yes. Vagotomized rats, at least when well nourished, exhibit no signs of thermoeffector deficiency. It is, therefore, not effector incompetence but rather vagal deafferentation per se that can explain the febrile irresponsiveness of vagotomized rats.
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PMID:Cold defense mechanisms in vagotomized rats. 927 69

The relationship between body temperature and the hunting response (intermittent supply of warm blood to cold exposed extremities) was quantified for nine subjects by immersing one hand in 8 degree C water while their body was either warm, cool or comfortable. Core and skin temperatures were manipulated by exposing the subjects to different ambient temperatures (30, 22, or 15 degrees C), by adjusting their clothing insulation (moderate, light, or none), and by drinking beverages at different temperatures (43, 37 and 0 degrees C). The middle finger temperature (Tfi) response was recorded, together with ear canal (Tear), rectal (Tre), and mean skin temperature (Tsk). The induced mean Tear changes were -0.34 (0.08) and +0.29 (0.03) degrees C following consumption of the cold and hot beverage, respectively. Tsk ranged from 26.7 to 34.5 degrees C during the tests. In the warm environment after a hot drink, the initial finger temperature (T(fi,base)) was 35.3 (0.4) degrees C, the minimum finger temperature during immersion (T(fi,min)) was 11.3 (0.5) degrees C, and 2.6 (0.4) hunting waves occurred in the 30-min immersion period. In the neutral condition (thermoneutral room and beverage) T(fi,base) was 32.1 (1.0) degrees C, T(fi,min) was 9.6 (0.3) degrees C, and 1.6 (0.2) waves occurred. In the cold environment after a cold drink, these values were 19.3 (0.9) degrees C, 8.7 (0.2) degrees C, and 0.8 (0.2) waves, respectively. A colder body induced a decrease in the magnitude and frequency of the hunting response. The total heat transferred from the hand to the water, as estimated by the area under the middle finger temperature curve, was also dependent upon the induced increase or decrease in Tear and Tsk. We conclude that the characteristics of the hunting temperature response curve of the finger are in part determined by core temperature and Tsk. Both T(fi,min) and the maximal finger temperature during immersion were higher when the core temperature was elevated; Tsk seemed to be an important determinant of the onset time of the cold-induced vasodilation response.
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PMID:The effect of body temperature on the hunting response of the middle finger skin temperature. 940 66

Effects of the menstrual cycle on heat loss and heat production (M) and core and skin temperature responses to cold were studied in six unacclimatized female nonsmokers (18-29 yr of age). Each woman, resting supine, was exposed to a cold transient (ambient temperature = mean radiant temperature = 20 to -5 degrees C at -0.32 degrees C/min, relative humidity = 50 +/- 2%, wind speed = 1 m/s) in the follicular (F) phase (days 2-6) and midluteal (L) phase (days 19-23) of her menstrual cycle. Clothed in each of two ensembles with different thermal resistances, women performed multiple experiments in the F and L phases. Thermal resistance was 0.2 and 0.4 m2 . K . W-1 for ensembles A and B, respectively. Esophageal temperature (Tes), mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk), finger temperature (Tfing), and area-weighted heat flux were recorded continuously. Rate of heat debt (-S) and integrated mean body temperature (Tb,i) were calculated by partitional calorimetry throughout the cold ramp. Extensive peripheral vasoconstriction in the F phase during early periods of the ramp elevated Tes above thermoneutral levels. Shivering thermogenesis (DeltaM = M - Mbasal, W /m2) was highly correlated with declines in Tsk and Tfing (P <0.0001). There was a reduced slope in M as a function of Tb,i in the L phase with ensembles A (P < 0.02) and B (P < 0.01). Heat flux was higher and -S was less in the L phases with ensemble A (P < 0.05). An analytic model revealed that Tsk and Tes contribute as additive inputs and Tfing has a multiplicative effect on the total control of DeltaM during cold transients (R2 = 0.9). Endogenous hormonal levels at each menstrual cycle phase, core temperature and Tsk inputs, vascular responses, and variations in body heat balance must be considered in quantifying thermoregulatory responses in women during cold stress.
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PMID:Thermoregulatory responses to cold transients: effects of menstrual cycle in resting women. 968 32

This study investigated the potential use of whole body cooling by water immersion for lowering body temperatures prior to endurance exercise. Rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), oxygen consumption (VO2), and ventilation (VE) were measured in 7 male and 3 female subjects who were immersed in a water bath for up to 60 min. Initial water temperature was 28.8+/-1.5 degrees C and decreased to 23.8+/-1.1 degrees C by the end of immersion. Pre-immersion Tre of 37.34+/-0.36 degrees C was not altered by 60 min water immersion but decreased to 36.64+/-0.34 degrees C at 3 min post immersion (p < 0.01). Tsk decreased from 33.23+/-1.4 degrees C to 26.95+/-1.8 degrees C (p < 0.01) at the end of immersion. Reductions in Tre and Tsk resulted in reduced body heat content (Hc) of approximately 545 kJ (p < 0.01) at the end of immersion. VO2 and VE increased from pre-immersion values of 0.34+/-0.08 L x min(-1) and 6.2+/-1.4 L x min(-1) to 0.54+/-0.09 L x min(-) and 11.5+/-5.4 L x min(-1) at the end of immersion, respectively. Heart rate remained unchanged throughout immersion. These results indicate that whole body immersion in moderately cold water temperatures is an effective cooling maneuver for lowering body temperatures and body Hc in the absence of severe physiological responses generally associated with sudden cold stress.
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PMID:Whole body cooling by immersion in water at moderate temperatures. 973 11

The purpose of this study was to determine how chronic exertional fatigue and sleep deprivation coupled with negative energy balance affect thermoregulation during cold exposure. Eight men wearing only shorts and socks sat quietly during 4-h cold air exposure (10 degreesC) immediately after (<2 h, A) they completed 61 days of strenuous military training (energy expenditure approximately 4,150 kcal/day, energy intake approximately 3,300 kcal/day, sleep approximately 4 h/day) and again after short (48 h, SR) and long (109 days, LR) recovery. Body weight decreased 7.4 kg from before training to A, then increased 6.4 kg by SR, with an additional 6.4 kg increase by LR. Body fat averaged 12% during A and SR and increased to 21% during LR. Rectal temperature (Tre) was lower before and during cold air exposure for A than for SR and LR. Tre declined during cold exposure in A and SR but not LR. Mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) during cold exposure was higher in A and SR than in LR. Metabolic rate increased during all cold exposures, but it was lower during A and LR than SR. The mean body temperature (0.67 Tre + 0.33 Tsk) threshold for increasing metabolism was lower during A than SR and LR. Thus chronic exertional fatigue and sleep loss, combined with underfeeding, reduced tissue insulation and blunted metabolic heat production, which compromised maintenance of body temperature. A short period of rest, sleep, and refeeding restored the thermogenic response to cold, but thermal balance in the cold remained compromised until after several weeks of recovery when tissue insulation had been restored.
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PMID:Exertional fatigue, sleep loss, and negative energy balance increase susceptibility to hypothermia. 976 Mar 7

It has previously been demonstrated that metabolic heat production (M) during cold exposure at rest was related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Consequently, an increase in VO2max could allow an increase M in the cold. The aim of the present study was therefore to test this hypothesis. Eight male volunteers undertook interval training (periods of 25% VO2max of 30-s duration and 110% VO2max of 60-s duration until exhaustion, five times a week over 8 weeks) to increase VO2max. Both before and after this physical training, they were subjected to a 10 degrees, 5 degrees and 1 degrees C 2-h cold air test in a climatic chamber. During the cold exposure, rectal temperature (Tre), tympanic temperature (Tty) mean skin temperature (Tsk) and M were measured as well as the time to onset of shivering (t) and body temperatures (Tre, Try and Tsk) at t. The results showed that physical training involved an increase in VO2max (14%-15%, P < 0.05). During the cold exposure, Tre was higher after training both at 10 degrees, 5 degrees and 1 degree C (P < 0.05) whereas Tty, TSk and M were not significantly changed. However, an increase in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system was attested by a decreased t at higher Tsk. These slight physiological changes found after training were not related to the increases in VO2max. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that interval training induced slight thermoregulatory changes unrelated to changes in VO2max and it suggested that M during cold exposure could be related mainly to the level of VO2max observed before training, since increases in VO2max did not modify M.
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PMID:Thermoregulatory changes in the cold induced by physical training in humans. 980 36

Wearing behavior and thermoregulatory responses of five young women (YG; 20 +/- 1 yr) and five aged women (AG; 65 +/- 3 yr) to indoor cold in summer were investigated in this study. The subjects were exposed to 21.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 55 +/- 5% RH while seated during a 90-minute experiment. The subjects were allowed to select and wear for thermal comfort clothing whenever they needed additional clothing during the experiment. Rectal temperature (Tre) and temperatures of 7 sites (head, chest, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, foot) of the skin of the subjects were measured every 10 minutes. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) of the subject was obtained every 10 minutes. First selection time of additional clothing was monitored and weight of selected total clothing was calculated. The results for this study were as follows: Tre and Tsk gradually decreased in YG and AG, however Tre decreased less than Tsk which decreased greater in AG than YG (p < 0.01). AG's first selection of additional clothing and thermal sensation response were slower than YG's. Furthermore, total clothing weight was less in AG than YG. It was concluded that clothing selection behavior would modify the intrinsic thermoregulatory responses of the aged women to the cold stress in the summer.
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PMID:Clothing selection behavior of the aged women for thermal comfort. 1046 39

Gay men's stereotypes about who is HIV-infected were investigated. Young uninfected (n=62), older uninfected (n=61), and infected (n=65) gay men read brief descriptions of men they did not know and estimated the likelihood that they were infected. Each description highlighted one characteristic of the man described. There were 3 versions of each sketch; the versions highlighting preferred sexual practice, for example, described the man as either preferring insertive anal intercourse, preferring receptive anal intercourse, or liking both equally. Results were largely the same for the 3 sample groups. For 6 of the 9 characteristics investigated--preferred haunts, preferred sexual practice, dress code, access to gay venues, occupation, and sexual orientation--significantly different estimates were given for the different versions. Results are discussed in relation to how AIDS education might counter the use by gay men of stereotypes to infer whether a given sex partner is infected. It is suggested that these stereotypes are likely to be present 'on line' (during actual sexual encounters), rather than 'off line' (in the cold light of day), thereby complicating the task of AIDS educators.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Sep
PMID:Gay men's stereotypes about who is HIV infected: a further study. 1049 27


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