Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The increased metabolic heat production in humans exposed to cold stress results from an increased oxidation of both carbohydrate and fat to provide energy to sustain temperature homeostasis. Research suggests that dietary manipulations may enhance metabolic heat production, thereby delaying hypothermia. Therefore, the present investigation examined the thermogenic effect of a sequential timed feeding regime of either a carbohydrate (CHO) or a placebo beverage (PL) before and again midway through 120 min of exposure to 8, 12 and 27 degrees C in well-nourished men. The following were examined: tissue insulation (I), rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), metabolism (M), time-weighted heat production and respiratory exchange ratio (R). Tre, delta Tre, Tsk, M, delta M, I and time-weighted heat production revealed no significant differences between treatment (PL vs CHO) at any temperature (8, 12 and 27 degrees C). However, Tre decreased (P < 0.05) as time increased at 8, 12 and 27 degrees C while M increased (P < 0.05) and I decreased (P < 0.05) at 8 and 12 degrees C. At 8 and 27 degrees C, R differed (P < 0.05) between the PL and CHO treatments. In addition, at 8 and 12 degrees C, R increased (P < 0.05) across time reflecting the feeding. From these data it appears that while substrate utilization differed between dietary treatment (8 and 27 degrees C) and across time, this feeding regime did not differentially affect M, Tre, Tsk and I during 120 min of exposure to 8, 12 and 27 degrees C.
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PMID:The thermogenic effect of a carbohydrate feeding during exposure to 8, 12 and 27 degrees C. 805 85

The effects of acute hypercapnia on human thermoregulation during cold exposure were investigated by immersion of eight male subjects to the neck in a 15 degrees C water bath until their core temperatures dropped to 35 degrees C or until 1 h of immersion had elapsed. Air was inspired throughout each experiment, with the exception of a 15-min period commencing with the attainment of an esophageal temperature (Tes) of 36.5 degrees C, during which subjects inspired a gas mixture containing 4% CO2, 20% O2, and 76% N2. Oxygen uptake (VO2, L.min-1), inspired minute ventilation (Vi, L.min-1), esophageal temperature (Tes, degrees C), rectal temperature (Tre, degrees C), mean unweighted skin temperature (Tsk, degrees C), mean heat flux (Q, W.m-2), and electromyographic activity (EMG, mV) of the trapezius and masseter muscles were recorded continuously. VO2 and integrated EMG activity (IEMG) were used as the primary indicators of shivering thermogenesis. Shivering EMG was attenuated immediately following the switch of the inhaled gas mixture from air to 4% CO2. For both the masseter and trapezius muscles the IEMG was significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) during the hypercapnic period. The IEMG values preceding the switch to the hypercapnic mixture were 15% greater than those during the CO2 period. Similarly, IEMG values in the post-CO2 period were 55% greater than during the CO2 period. It is concluded that acute periods of hypercapnia during cold exposure may result in transient suppression of shivering tremor, but this does not appear to affect thermal balance, as reflected in the absence of any significant effect on Tes.
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PMID:Shivering thermogenesis during acute hypercapnia. 806 70

Energy substrate mobilization has been suggested as being a limiting factor for the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis (M), and consequently in delaying hypothermia. The evidence supporting this hypothesis in humans, however, is not convincing and the hypothesis has yet to be tested in a rigorous manner using a full heat balance analysis (partitional calorimetry). The goal of this study was therefore to re-investigate whether enhancing energy substrate mobilization by feeding cold-exposed subjects would improve M and affect heat debt (S; the minute-by-minute balance of M and heat losses) as well as rectal (Tre) and mean skin temperatures (Tsk). Nine healthy semi-nude fasted subjects were exposed to 5 degrees C (3 h at rest, 1 m.s-1 wind) on three occasions following the ingestion at min 0 and 90 of either: (1) a placebo, (2) 710 kJ of pure carbohydrates (100%-CHO), or (3) 710 kJ of a high-carbohydrate bar (High-CHO). As expected in the cold, Tre and Tsk decreased whereas M, S and heat losses increased (P < 0.01). However, there were no differences between treatments, including the final Tre [mean (SEM); 36.4 (0.2); 36.5 (0.3) and 36.5 (0.2) degrees C for the placebo, 100%-CHO and High-CHO tests, respectively]. During the 100%-CHO treatment, rates of carbohydrate oxidation were the highest and fat oxidation the lowest (P < 0.05), whereas the High-CHO treatment caused smaller changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Is energy substrate mobilization a limiting factor for cold thermogenesis? 822 37

A protocol incorporating successive hot and cold water immersions, causing respective warming and cooling of the body, has been used to determine the core threshold for sweating. Disparate results have been reported for the core threshold of sweating, and these have been attributed to the possible existence of core temperature gradients during such a protocol. Spatial and temporal core temperature (Tc, degree C) gradients during dynamic changes in body temperature may give rise to different values of core temperature thresholds for sweating, depending on the Tc measurement site. In addition, during such an immersion protocol skin temperature transients may influence expression of thresholds using esophageal temperature (Tes). With these considerations, the effects of Tc gradients and skin temperature on Tc thresholds for sweating were examined. Subjects (n = 22) were immersed to the neck in 40 degrees C water until Tes reached 38.5 degrees C (phase 1), followed immediately by cooling in 30.6 degrees C water until extinction of sweating was observed (phase 2). Cooling was continued in the latter bath after the sweating extinction until total immersed time reached 50 min or until shivering was initiated (phase 3). During the trials continuous assessment was made of rectal temperature (Tre) and Tes, mean unweighted skin temperature (Tsk, degree C), forehead sweating rate (Esw, g.m-2.min-1), oxygen consumption (VO2, L.min-1), and surface heat flux (Q, W.m-2). With the current protocol it appeared inappropriate to determine the Tc thresholds for onset of sweating, as sweating was initiated prior to any significant displacement of Tc, but was most likely influenced by Tsk and its rate of change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of core threshold temperatures for forehead sweating based on esophageal and rectal temperatures. 830 98

During calorimetric experiments with forced cooling and rewarming, changes in rectal temperature (Tre) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) allowed calculations of Burton's (1935) weighting coefficient "a", which relates body temperature change to change in mean body temperature (delta Tb). Calculating delta Tb from change in body heat content (delta Hb), which was determined from direct and indirect calorimetry, included individualized values for body specific heat based on body fat content. In five different cooling procedures there were two with cooling by exposure to cold water and three with cooling in a tubing suit; two of the procedures included mild exercise. The delta Hb ranged from -335 to -1600 kJ; rewarming restored body heat content. The mean (SEM) value of "a" in 119 determinations was 0.75 (0.01). This small variability in the coefficient probably came from the large values of delta Hb and from the use of maximal changes in Tsk and Tre, including afterdrop. Change in Tre by itself correlated with delta Tb, but with much variability. In forced body cooling and rewarming, 0.75 (delta Tre) + 0.25 (delta Tsk) gives an accurate estimate of delta Tb, hence change in body heat storage.
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PMID:Heat storage and body temperature during cooling and rewarming. 842 8

The skin of the face is reputed not to vasoconstrict in response to cold stress because the face skin temperature remains steady during hypothermia. The purpose of the present work was to measure the vasomotor response of the human face to whole-body hypothermia, and to compare it with hyperthermia. Six male subjects were immersed in cold and in warm water to obtain the two conditions. Skin blood flow, evaporation, and skin temperature (Tsk) were recorded in three loci of the face, the forehead, the infra orbital area, and the cheek. Tympanic (Tty) and oesophageal (Toes) temperatures were also recorded during the different thermal states. Normothermic measurements served as control. Blood flow was recorded with a laser-Doppler flowmeter, evaporation measured with an evaporimeter. Face Tsk remained stable between normo-, hypo-, and hyperthermia. Facial blood flow, however, did not follow the same pattern. The facial blood flow remained at minimal vasoconstricted level when the subjects' condition was changed from normo- to hypothermia. When the condition changed from hypo- to hyperthermia a 3 to 9-fold increase in the blood flow was recorded. From these results it was concluded that a vasoconstriction seems to be the general vasomotor state in the face during normothermia.
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PMID:Vasomotor response of the human face: laser-Doppler measurements during mild hypo- and hyperthermia. 849 76

This study investigated gay men's use of perceptible characteristics to infer antibody status. Participants (n = 66) read brief descriptions of men they did not know and estimated the likelihood that they were HIV-infected. Each description highlighted one of 6 characteristics: physical attractiveness, intelligence/education level, healthy appearance and lifestyle, personality, a combination of the preceding, and wealth. Three versions of each sketch were used; they depicted the man in positive, neutral, and negative terms respectively. There were significant differences in the ratings for the 3 versions in the case of every characteristic except wealth. In general, the negative version elicited higher ratings (corresponding to a greater likelihood that the man was HIV-positive) than either the positive or neutral versions; in the case of physical attractiveness, the positive version elicited higher ratings than the neutral version. Results are discussed in relation to earlier findings regarding gay men's inferences during sexual encounters, of antibody status from perceptible characteristic; to possible differences between AIDS-related thinking during sexual encounters and in the cold light of day; and to educational techniques that might be used to counter inferences of this type.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Judging a book by its cover: gay men's use of perceptible characteristics to infer antibody status. 865 9

The effects of the thermal conditions of the dressing room and bathroom on the physiological responses during bathing were assessed. Six female students participated in this experiment. Three climate chambers were used as a living room, a dressing room and a bathroom. The living room was thermoneutral and maintained at 25 degrees C, while the thermal conditions of the dressing room and bathroom were as follows: (A) cold (10 degrees C), (B) cool (17.5 degrees C) thermoneutral (25 degrees C). The subjects wore standard clothing (0.65 clo). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, rectal (Tre) and skin temperature, and subjective thermal sensation were recorded. 1) Marked increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) after undressing and redressing in the dressing room and during washing were observed under the cold conditions. 2) A significant negative correlation was found between the dressing room temperature and increased SBP compared to before bathing (r = -0.684, p < 0.01, n = 18). 3) After exposure, mean skin temperature (Tsk) showed marked differences among the three conditions despite the rest taken under the same thermal conditions. 4) A significant negative correlation was found between Tsk and the increase in SBP of after undressing relative to that before bathing (r = -0.695 p < 0.01, n = 18). These findings suggested that 25 degrees C was the most appropriate temperature for the bathroom and dressing room, since the increase in blood pressure was minimum and subjective thermal sensation was neutral (neither cool nor warm) to warm under this thermal condition, and 17.5 degrees C at which the increase in blood pressure was within the physiological fluctuation range (+/- 10 mmHg) is the minimum tolerable temperature.
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PMID:Effects of the thermal conditions of the dressing room and bathroom on physiological responses during bathing. 872 72

Postal questionnaires were circulated to all Genito-Urinary Medicine (GUM) clinics in the UK (in parallel with questionnaires circulated to gynaecologists) on behalf of British Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (BSCCP) and National Co-ordinating Network (NCN) to audit colposcopy services. Information was sought on colposcopy workload, referral criteria, treatment method and followup, waiting times, staffing and training. A similar but less comprehensive survey of colposcopy services in GUM was undertaken in 1990 enabling direct comparison of some but not all aspects of the service in the last 3 to 4 years. One hundred and forty-two GUM Clinics replied. Of those who replied, 70 (49.3%) clinics provided a colposcopy service; an increase from 60 to 70 clinics since 1990. However, only 66 clinics provided detailed information for analysis. Forty-six out of 66 (69.7%) clinics performed treatment for some or all of their patients and the most frequent methods of treatment used were loop excision and cold coagulation. One hundred and seventy-two (range 8-1982) patients were seen per annum with a mean of 7 (range 1-68) colposcopy sessions per month. Sixty-four per cent of these sessions were undertaken by consultants, 14% by training grades and the rest by Clinical Assistants and Associate Specialists. Fifty-three per cent of all patients with abnormal smears were colposcoped within 2 weeks and the maximum waiting period was less than 8 weeks for all severe dyskaryosis/malignant cells cytology reports; 1.6% of clinics admitted to having cases of invasive cervical cancer following previous treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 96% of clinics had a protocol in place for defaulters. The default rate was 12% both for new and follow-up patients. Thirty out of 70 (43%) clinics were computerized and 50/66 (75.8%) of clinics collected accurate statistics.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Colposcopy services provided by Genito-Urinary Medicine clinics in the United Kingdom--British Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology/National Co-ordinating Network Survey, 1993. 873 32

Six young, healthy male subjects performed a series of experiments in a climatic chamber in different environmental conditions wearing protective ventilated NBC clothing. Ambient temperature, TA, ranged from -20 to 35 degrees C, relative humidity, RH, from 20 to 85%, and air velocity, VA, from 0 center dot 1 to 5 center dot 0 ms-1. In addition, thermal radiation, measured by the temperature of the globothermometer, TG, was artificially increased in some experiments. A total of 32 experiments were performed. The subject had to exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a mechanical power of 60 W for 120 min. Heart rate, HR, oxygen uptake, VO2, skin temperature, Tsk, and rectal temperature, Tre, were measured during the experiments together with the temperature of the space between skin and garment, Tmu. Sweat loss was determined as the difference of the body weight before and after the experiment. Tmu was well correlated with the chamber environmental parameters. During heat exposure work duration began to decrease progressively from a Tmu > 30 degrees C, reducing to 40 min at the highest thermal load. About the same value of Tmu marked the departure of HR, VO2, Tsk and Tre from the values measured during the same work load in neutral conditions. Also, during cold exposure at -20 degrees C work duration was reduced below 1 h, but the limit appeared to be the cold at the extremities. From these findings it appears that Tmu is a good indicator of the thermal load and is related to the environmental condition by the equation: Tmu = 9 center dot 93 + 0 center dot 56 TA + 0 center dot 023 TG + 0 center dot 14 RH (T in degrees C, RH in %). For better comfort and performance Tmu should be monitored whenever a subject has to work wearing an NBC garment and the ventilating system must be adequate to fulfil the needs imposed on the subject by an adverse environment, in particular a high relative humidity.
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PMID:Work tolerance and physiological responses to thermal environment wearing protective NBC clothing. 885 82


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