Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pekin ducks, in which cerebral cold sensitivity is negligible, were submitted to general body cooling at warm, thermoneutral, and cold ambient temperature (Ta) with an intestinal thermode. In some animals, hypothermia was enhanced by additional hypothalamic cooling that suppressed cold defense. In other animals, the spinal cord was cooled, either selectively or during intestinal cooling. From core temperature (Tc) and metabolic heat production (M) an overall cold sensitivity of about -5 to -6 W . kg-1 . degrees C-1 was determined at thermoneutrality. Maximum M amounted to four to five times the resting M of 3.8 W . kg-1 and was attained when Tc fell by 2.5 degrees C or more. In the cold, threshold Tc for the activation of M was elevated; overall cold sensitivity remained constant. In the warmth, threshold Tc was lowered; overall cold sensitivity was reduced, if mean skin temperature (Tsk) remained at aout 39 degrees C or higher. Spinal cold sensitivity amounted to about -0.25 W . kg-1 . degrees C-1 at normal Tc and thermoneutral and warm Ta; it increased to aout -0.50 W . kg-1 . degrees C-1 in the cold and during hypothermia. Peripheral cold sensitivity was estimated from Tsk and M as -0.4 to -0.8 W . kg-1 . degrees C-1. It is concluded that overall cold sensitivity in ducks mainly depends on deep-body temperature sensors outside of the central nervous system.
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PMID:Extracerebral deep-body cold sensitivity in the Pekin duck. 728 57

Electrophysiological stages of sleep, oxygen consumption (VO2), and skin (Tsk) and rectal (Tre) temperatures were recorded from six virtually naked male subjects exposed to ambient temperatures (Ta) of 21, 24, 29, 34, and 37 degrees C. VO2 increased during sleep as a whole as Ta departed from thermoneutrality (29 degrees C) and was significantly greater during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep than during adjacent nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) periods at low and high Ta but not at 29 degrees C. Tsk showed small but significant increases during REM sleep at 29, 34, and 37 degrees C, but Tre did not change during REM sleep at any Ta. Shivering was present during wakefulness at 21 and 24 degrees C but occurred only occasionally during stages 1 and 2 sleep at 21 degrees C. The increases in VO2 and the absence of marked changes in vasomotor tone during REM sleep in the cold were unexpected and possibly indicate that REM sleep is not as thermally disruptive in humans as in other mammals.
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PMID:Metabolism and thermoregulation during stages of sleep in humans exposed to heat and cold. 729 39

We have previously demonstrated a multiplicative interaction between mean skin temperature (Tsk) and hypothalamic temperature (Thy) in the control of thermogenesis in cold exposed rabbits. Such a model predicts that open-loop gain will not be constant, but will vary according to the direction and degree of Thy displacements and to the prevailing level of Tsk when Thy is altered. Open-loop gain was calculated from steady-state displacements in body temperature induced by sustained step displacements in Thy. Hypothalamic temperature of rabbits was clamped at various levels ranging from 2 degrees C above to 3 degrees C below normal Thy and the resulting changes in rectal temperature attained at steady state were recorded. Experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 2 degrees and 15 degrees C. Open-loop gain in response to hypothalamic heating was always greater than that obtained in response to equivalent levels of hypothalamic cooling. Furthermore, at lower levels of Tsk (Ta = 2 degrees C) open-loop gain was greater for all levels of Thy displacement when compared to that measured at higher levels of Tsk (Ta = 15 degrees C).
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PMID:Variable open-loop gain in the control of thermogenesis in cold-exposed rabbits. 737 19

In continuing our studies on the effects of preinduced hypothermia on the endurance capacities, thermoregulatory responses, and clinical chemical indices of heat injury, 10 mg of 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) were administered intravenously to restrained rats kept at 4 degrees C. When rectal temperatures (Tre) fell to 29-30 degrees C, the rats were removed to a hot environment (35 degrees C), where they exercised on a level treadmill (9.14 m/min) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre = 41.5-43 degrees C). Preinduced hypothermia was effective in significantly (p < 0.001) prolonging the time to hyperthermic exhaustion. In these hypothermic rats, increments in Tre (degree C/min) while on the treadmill were significantly (p < 0.001) increased while rates of skin temperature (Tsk) heating were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced when compared to normothermic controls. Administration of 5-TG effected significant (p < 0.001) hyperglycemia, which returned to control levels following the exhaustive run in the heat. Prolonged endurance times among the hypothermic rats caused slight increases in the levels of circulating plasma indices of heat/exercise injury. We concluded from these studies that hypothermia induced by 5-TG administration and cold exposure is effective in increasing the endurance capacity of rats exercising in the heat. However, homeostatic mechanisms supercede to increase the heating rate, and thus return Tre to equilibrium levels.
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PMID:Hypothermia induced by 5-thio-D-glucose: Effects on treadmill performance in the heat. 741 40

Eight men aged 60-65 years and six men aged 20-25 years, wearing only swimming trunks, were exposed to an air temperature of 17 degrees C and 45% R.H. in each of the four seasons. The increase in the rate of metabolic heat production (% delta M) for the older group in the cold test was significantly higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P < 0.05), but did not differ in the young group between seasons. Compared to the young group the % delta M was significantly greater for the older group (due to a marked increase in four individuals) in summer and autumn (P < 0.04). At the end of the period of cold exposure, the decrements of rectal temperature (delta Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk; due to a marked decrease in four individuals) and foot skin temperature (Tfoot) were significantly greater for the older group compared to the young group at all times of the year (P < 0.003). Seasonal variations in the two groups were similar, e.g., the delta Tre gradually became smaller from summer to winter (P < 0.05) and then increased slightly in the spring (P = 0.07). Tfoot for both groups decreased from summer to autumn (P < 0.01) and remained unchanged subsequently. No seasonal variations were observed for Tsk in either group. The increase in diastolic blood pressure (BPd) during the test was significantly smaller in winter in both groups (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Seasonal variation in physiological responses to mild cold air in young and older men. 774 27

The present investigation introduces a thermal perception scale (TS) for use during protracted resting cold exposure. The scale contains categories ranging consecutively from 0, i.e., Nothing at all, to 10, i.e., Very, very cold. Eight Caucasian men were randomly exposed to ambient air in a climatically controlled environmental chamber of 8 degrees, 12 degrees, and 27 degrees C for 120 min. on 3 separate occasions and monitored for rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2). The terminal perceptual categories were anchored for 8 subjects and a standard set of instructions was presented prior to each trial. The anchor temperature was the room air in the anteroom which was 27 degrees C, representing 0, i.e., "Nothing at all," to extend the scale so that subsequent judgments on the scale were expressed in relation to this category. In addition, the subjects were also asked to imagine the coldest that they have ever experienced and this was designed to anchor "Very, very cold." The relations between scale scores and the thermoregulatory variables were examined with a simple linear regression and coefficients of correlation and determination for each subject. High coefficients of determination between Tsk, VO2, and VE indicated that, for individual subjects, the scores on the scale were related to VE, Tsk, and VO2. High reliability coefficients for TS were also reported. In addition, the ratings and VO2 relation tended to be similar between subjects. Therefore, this scale appears to be a valid and reliable tool for measuring the perception of cold when at rest in air.
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PMID:A thermal perception scale for use during resting exposure to cold air. 780 95

A study was carried out in Tabora region to determine the magnitude of exposure of vaccines to adverse temperatures using the Cold Chain Monitors (CCMs). Except for refrigerators in the regional hospital, almost all refrigerators were found to be exposed to adverse temperature. The RAK type of refrigerators were found to be more exposed to adverse temperature than the RCW type. While an alternative type of refrigerator suitable for tropical countries is being sought there is a need of focusing more attention on improving cold chain system in the peripheral facilities.
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PMID:Use of cold-chain to assess vaccine exposure to adverse temperatures in rural Tanzania. 782 98

Military personnel often undergo sustained operations that affect vigilance and alertness. Pharmacological agents may be used to enhance vigilance. Most such agents also have thermogenic properties. Whether a new promising stimulant, modafinil (Lyons and French, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991; 62:432-435), has a beneficial effect on cold tolerance in the military context, is not known. The goal of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effect of this new drug on thermal balance and the regulation of body temperatures in neutral conditions and when challenged by a cold exposure. Nine subjects underwent three trials each: two in the cold (3 h at rest, 10 degrees C) 0.5 h after the ingestion of either placebo or modafinil (200 mg), and one in thermal neutrality with modafinil (same conditions except Tdb = 29.3 degrees C). As expected, cold produced a drop in Tre and Tsk and an increase in Vo2. Although non-significant, there was a tendency for a slightly greater drop in Tre with modafinil (0.65 degrees C vs. 0.57 degrees C with placebo). A similar tendency was found for the heat debt (S) which was greater with modafinil than with placebo (16.1 +/- 0.7 vs. 14.7 +/- 0.6 kJ.kg-1, respectively, +9.5%, p = 0.11). This tendency appears to be the combined result of a slightly lower mean heat production during the test and a slightly greater mean dry heat loss. When tested at thermal neutrality, the drug had no effect on any thermal or metabolic parameters. The results demonstrate that the ingestion of a single dose of modafinil has no significant acute effect on thermal balance in neutral conditions and on thermoregulation in normal subjects exposed to cold. However, a tendency for slightly greater cooling was noted with modafinil. It is not known whether the use of modafinil in conjunction with sleep deprivation (a likely scenario) could magnify this effect.
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PMID:Effect of modafinil on heat production and regulation of body temperatures in cold-exposed humans. 784 Jul 53

Estrogen receptors are expressed in several brain areas of various animal species, and steroid hormones exert physiologic and biochemical effects on the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in female adult rats, the suitability of 16 alpha [18F]fluoro-17 beta-estradiol ([18F]FES), a selective estrogen receptor ligand, for the in vivo assessment of brain estrogen receptors. This was considered to be a preliminary step in evaluating the potential usefulness of [18F]FES for studies of cerebral estrogen receptors with positron emission tomography (PET) in nonhuman primates and human subjects. We evaluated (a) the time course of the metabolic degradation of [18F]FES in blood; (b) the time course of distribution of the tracer in discrete cerebral areas; (c) the inhibitory effect of increasing doses of cold estradiol on cerebral [18F]FES uptake; and (d) the possibility of in vivo quantification of estrogen receptor binding parameters using both equilibrium and dynamic kinetic analyses. We quantified [18F]FES binding to estrogen receptors using both equilibrium and dynamic kinetic analyses. The results of this study indicate that [18F]FES is a suitable tracer for the measurement of estrogen receptors in the pituitary and hypothalamus, using either the equilibrium or the kinetic analysis. However, [18F]FES is inadequate for the in vivo investigation of estrogen binding sites in brain areas with low receptor density, such as the hippocampus.
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PMID:Systemic and cerebral kinetics of 16 alpha [18F]fluoro-17 beta-estradiol: a ligand for the in vivo assessment of estrogen receptor binding parameters. 786 Jun 63

The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory changes induced by 27-h of sleep deprivation (SD) in men at rest both in a comfortable ambient temperature and in cold air. A group of 12 male subjects were placed in a comfortable ambient temperature (dry bulb temperature, Tdb = 25 degrees C, relative humidity, rh = 40%-50%, clothing insulation = 1 clo) for 1 h and then they were submitted to a standard cold air test in a climatic chamber for 2 h (Tdb = 1 degree C, rh = 40%-50%, wind speed = 0.8 m.s-1, nude), before and after 27 h of sleep deprivation. Thermoregulatory changes (rectal temperature, Tre; mean skin temperature. Tsk; metabolic heat production M) were monitored continuously. At comfortable ambient temperature, no significant change was observed after SD for Tre, Tsk and M. During the cold test, Tre did not change but Tsk and M were higher after SD (P < 0.05). Increased M (+ 6%, P < 0.05) was related to earlier and higher shivering, with a possible increase in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system as shown by the shorter time to onset of continuous shivering (d): 8.66 (SEM 1.33) min versus 28.20 (SEM 1.33) min (P < 0.001) and by a higher Tsk observed at d: 27.60 (SEM 1.40) degrees C versus 21.40 (SEM 0.60) degrees C (P < 0.001). These results were associated with higher cold sensations and shivering following SD. They also suggested that SD modified thermoregulatory responses at a central level especially in a cold environment.
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PMID:Cold thermoregulatory changes induced by sleep deprivation in men. 800 32


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