Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between the physical fitness level (maximal O2 consumption, VO2max) and thermoregulatory reactions was studied in 17 adult males submitted to an acute cold exposure. Standard cold tests were performed in nude subjects, lying for 2 h in a climatic chamber at three ambient air temperatures (10, 5, and 1 degrees C). The level of physical fitness conditioned the intensity of thermoregulatory reactions to cold. For all subjects, there was a direct relationship between physical fitness and 1) metabolic heat production, 2) level of mean skin temperature (Tsk), 3) level of skin conductance, and 4) level of Tsk at the onset of shivering. The predominance of thermogenic or insulative reactions depended on the intensity of the cold stress: insulative reactions were preferential at 10 degrees C, or even at 5 degrees C, whereas colder ambient temperature (1 degree C) triggered metabolic heat production abilities, which were closely related to the subject's physical fitness level. Fit subjects have more efficient thermoregulatory abilities against cold stress than unfit subjects, certainly because of an improved sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system.
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PMID:Physical fitness and thermoregulatory reactions in a cold environment in men. 320 45

A live cold-recombinant influenza B virus vaccine (RB77) was given intranasally in a placebo-controlled, double blind study to volunteers in dosages of 10(7.9) EID50/ml, 10(7.25) EID50/ml, 10(5.7) EID50/ml. The tolerability, safety, and immunogenicity of the vaccine were investigated. No revertant virus was found in nasal swabs taken after immunisation. Local reactions were mild and showed a significant increase over the placebo only in the highest dose group. Systemic reactions were not different from the placebo. A significant increase in haemagglutinin inhibition titre was found in the highest dose group against the immunising strain (RB77) and the two wild strains B/TEC and B/Sing.
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PMID:A placebo-controlled dose response study of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a live cold-recombinant influenza B virus vaccine in healthy volunteers. 329 99

Constant-wear anti-exposure suit ensembles, employing a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coverall, were evaluated for their impact on aircrew performance under heat stress. Conditions were designed to simulate stresses experienced by aircrews during aircraft operations over cold water; therefore, chamber temperatures were maintained at dry bulb temperature = 34.0 +/- 1.5 degrees C and wet bulb temperature = 23.9 +/- 4.5 degrees C. Six subjects were studied twice in each of five configurations, i.e., a standard flight ensemble (control), and four combinations of the PTFE coverall with different liners, for maximum 180-min exposures. Subjects alternated periods of physical work, performance of a psychomotor task, and rest, for a total time of 20 min in each activity cycle, which were repeated throughout the duration of a trial, at an estimated mean metabolic rate of 2.4 kcal.min-1. Mean test duration for the control was 177 +/- 9 min, while for the other configurations, mean test durations were 105 +/- 32 min, with no significant differences observed between the PTFE-based configurations. Total sweat rate (SRT), heat storage rate (S), final heart rate (HR), and mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) indicated similar trends among configurations, with significant differences principally observed as a consequence of the use of the PTFE coverall. Use of the PTFE coverall appears to limit heat tolerance to less than 3 h if a moderate workload is imposed under heat stress.
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PMID:Heat stress evaluation of anti-exposure flight garments. 335 75

The effect of heat stress on circulation in an exercising leg was determined using one-legged knee extension and two-legged bicycle exercise, both seated and upright. Subjects exercised for three successive 25-min periods wearing a water-perfused suit: control [CT, mean skin temperature (Tsk) = 35 degrees C], hot (H, Tsk = 38 degrees C), and cold (C, Tsk = 31 degrees C). During the heating period, esophageal temperature increased to a maximum of 37.91, 39.35, and 39.05 degrees C in the three types of exercise, respectively. There were no significant changes in pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2) throughout the entire exercise period with either one or two legs. Leg blood flow (LBF), measured in the femoral vein of one leg by thermodilution, remained unchanged between CT, H, and C periods. Venous plasma lactate concentration gradually declined over time, and no trend for an increased lactate release during the heating period was found. Similarly, femoral arteriovenous O2 difference and leg VO2 remained unchanged between the three exercise periods. Although cardiac output (acetylene rebreathing) was not significantly higher during H, there was a tendency for an increase of 1 and 2 l/min in one- and two-legged exercise, respectively, which could account for part of the increase in total skin blood flow during heating (gauged by changes in forearm blood flow). Because LBF was not reduced during exercise and heat stress in these experiments, the additional increase in skin blood flow must have been met by redistribution of blood away from vascular beds other than active skeletal muscle.
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PMID:Muscle blood flow is not reduced in humans during moderate exercise and heat stress. 337 23

New and selective Rlk and SA media, combined with cold enrichment at 4 to 5 degrees C, allowed isolation of Mobiluncus species from patients with bacterial vaginosis at higher rates than with conventional cultivation methods. Rlk medium consists of Columbia CNA agar supplemented with peptone, yeast extract, 5% laked rabbit or sheep blood, nalidixic acid, and tinidazole. SA medium consists of Columbia CNA agar supplemented with 2% rabbit serum, 1.6% laked rabbit or sheep blood, nalidixic acid, and tinidazole. Use of these selective media plus the cold enrichment technique permitted Mobiluncus species to propagate at rates similar to those of other anaerobic members of the vaginal flora.
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PMID:Isolation of Mobiluncus species from clinical specimens by using cold enrichment and selective media. 338 24

Several types of cold adaptation in men have been described in the literature (metabolic, insulative, hypothermic). The aim of this study is to show that the decrease of heat debt can be considered as a new index for cold adaptation. Ten male subjects were acclimated by water immersions (temperature 10-15 degrees C, 4 immersions/wk over 2 mo). Thermoregulatory responses before and after acclimation were tested by a standard cold test in a climatic chamber for 2 h at rest [dry bulb temperature (Tdb): 10 degrees C; relative humidity (rh): 25%]. After adaptation, four thermoregulatory modifications were observed: an increase in the delay for the onset of shivering (32.7 +/- 7.99 instead of 14.1 +/- 5.25 min); a decrease of body temperature levels for the onset of shivering [rectal temperature (Tre): 37.06 +/- 0.08 instead of 37.31 +/- 0.06 degrees C; mean skin temperature (Tsk): 24.83 +/- 0.56 instead of 26.86 +/- 0.46 degrees C; mean body temperature (Tb): 33.03 +/- 0.20 instead of 34.16 +/- 0.37 degrees C); a lower level of body temperatures in thermoneutrality (Tre = 37.16 +/- 0.08 instead of 37.39 +/- 0.06 degrees C; Tsk = 31.29 +/- 0.21 instead of 32.01 +/- 0.22 degrees C; Tb = 35.92 +/- 0.08 instead of 36.22 +/- 0.05 degrees C); a decrease of heat debt calculated from the difference between heat gains and heat losses (5.66 +/- 0.08 instead of 8.33 +/- 0.38 kJ/kg). The different types of cold adaptation observed are related to the physical characteristics of the subjects (percent body fat content) and the level of physical fitness (VO2max).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Heat debt as an index for cold adaptation in men. 359 34

Juvenile king and macaroni penguins are terrestrial seabirds and must face an intensive and prolonged energetic demand during their passage from shore to marine life in cold subantarctic seawater. Evidence for progressive thermal adaptation was sought by measurement of metabolic rate (MR) and body (Tb) and skin (Tsk) temperatures in unrestrained, fully immersed penguins. Steady-state responses obtained after the 3rd h of immersion in never-immersed (NI) penguins were compared with those of penguins acclimatized to seawater temperature (A). NI macaroni penguins, unlike NI king penguins, showed a fall in Tb on their first immersion but, once acclimatized, were able to maintain their homeothermy due to an increase (greater than 3.2 W/kg) in regulatory thermogenesis. In NI king penguins, during a simulation of seawater adaptation by 10 successive immersions, MR at 7 degrees C water temperature (Tw) rose from 6.0 to 9.4 W/kg (becoming 3-5 times higher than in air), whereas Tb rose from 37.6 to 38.4 degrees C. In both species occurrence of peak MR at much lower Tw, progressive increase in thermogenesis capacity, and lower conductance in water after adaptation to marine life (28 and 36% less in A king and macaroni penguins, respectively) showed that the passage from shore to marine life consisted of a true cold acclimatization.
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PMID:Thermal and metabolic adaptation to first cold-water immersion in juvenile penguins. 375 79

Four naked men, selected for their ability to sleep in the cold, were exposed to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 21 degrees C for five consecutive nights. Electrophysiological stages of sleep, O2 consumption (VO2), and skin (Tsk), rectal (Tre), and tympanic (Tty) temperatures were recorded. Compared with five nights at a thermoneutral Ta of 29 degrees C, cold induced increased wakefulness and decreased stage 2 sleep, without significantly affecting other stages. Tre and Tty declined during each condition. The decrease in Tre was greater at 21 degrees C than at 29 degrees C, whereas Tty did not differ significantly between conditions. Increases in Tty following REM sleep onset at 21 degrees C were negatively correlated with absolute Tty. VO2 and forehead Tsk also increased during REM sleep at both TaS, whereas Tsk of the limb extremities declined at 21 degrees C. Unsuppressed REM sleep in association with peripheral vasoconstriction and increased Tty and VO2 in cold-exposed humans, do not signify an inhibition of thermoregulation during this sleep stage as has been observed in other mammals.
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PMID:Thermoregulation, metabolism, and stages of sleep in cold-exposed men. 375 78

During cold exposure women have lower skin temperatures on the trunk and legs. This study evaluated whether these colder temperatures were also manifested in peripheral sites (nose, chin, and finger) where frost bite often occurs. In addition, the core temperature responses to passive rewarming were studied to evaluate whether women experience greater afterdrop as a result of colder shell temperatures. The subjects, eight males (M) and eight females (F), were tested on four occasions, once each at +10, +3.5, -3.5, and -10 degrees C. Each day the subject, clothed in sweat clothes and coveralls, performed 6 bouts of intermittent exercise (20 min. exercise (60W), 10 min. rest) for 3 h in the designated temperature and then rested in +21 degrees C for 1 h. The F had lower Tsk in every test, but finger, nose, and chin temperatures were never lower in F. There were no M-F differences in core temperature during cold exposure or during recovery, even though the Tsk would predict that F had a colder shell. Furthermore, there was no apparent relationship between Tsk rewarming and changes in T core. The data demonstrated no M-F differences in potential for either frost bite or for afterdrop in core temperature.
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PMID:Male-female responses in various body temperatures during and following exercise in cold air. 377 95

The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency content of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded during shivering and determine if the EMG power spectrum changed as a function of the shivering duration. Six semi-nude males were exposed to cold air (5 degrees C, 20% rh) for 80 min while quietly sitting. Rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded. Shivering of the masseter muscle was determined using bipolar surface electrodes. The EMG was amplified, recorded, and subsequently digitized at 2048 Hz. The power spectrum was calculated from eight serial 0.25s EMG samples by Fourier analysis from a frequency of 4 through 480 Hz. The eight power spectra were averaged and centroid frequency (fc) calculated. During the first 10 min of exposure, Tsk rapidly dropped from 32.6 +/- 1.6 to 26.2 +/- 1.3 degrees C, then slowly declined reaching 22.5 +/- 0.7 degrees C after 80 min. Tre rose from 37.1 +/- 0.1 to 37.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C, declining after 40 min to 37.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Shivering was observed within 5 min after entering the cold chamber. EMG activity after 10 min exhibited an fc of 177.2 +/- 6.2 Hz. When power was integrated over 60 Hz bandwidths, the predominant frequency band of the EMG power spectrum was 60-120 Hz. Although shivering intensity increased with time, the EMG power spectrum exhibited no significant changes. These results suggest that the EMG power spectrum during shivering did not exhibit changes characteristic of muscle fatigue or muscle cooling during the 80-min cold air exposure.
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PMID:Power spectral analysis of the surface electromyogram during shivering. 380 Aug 14


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