Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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In a study to evaluate the epidemiological status of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infections in the OB/GYN field, we performed an indirect enzyme immune assay, measuring serum specific IgG and IgA. 1) Among 1,812 cases (0-68 years old), antibody positive rates for IgG and IgA were 29.7% and 11.2%, respectively. The first peak was observed in an age group under 1 year old, representing birth canal infections and the second one in a 20-24 age group showed a certain relation to STD. 2) The C. trachomatis IgG and IgA antibody positive rates in the antigen positive group (139 cases) were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in the antigen negative group (792 cases). 3) In the antigen positive group (139 cases), the positive IgG rate was high (78.8-90.9%) but it did not show any clear differences among the following groups: PID, cervicitis, pregnancy and infertility. However, the positive IgA rate in peritoneal antigen positive PID showed a significantly higher positive rate (100%) than other groups such as cervicitis (39.4%), pregnancy (37.8%) and infertility (45.5%). 4) Following oral administration of antibiotics, the C. trachomatis antigen became negative in almost all cases, while IgG decreased or became negative only in cases of initial infection. IgA decreased or became negative in the following cases: initial infection, low titer cases before treatment, cases treated many times and comparatively young patients with acute infections. Consequently, the immunoassay of C. trachomatis serum antibody appeared to be valuable for epidemiological surveys, for defermining the status of the infection and the effect of treatment.
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PMID:[Significance of the detection of serum specific IgA and IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in the epidemiological survey, diagnosis and therapeutic effect on chlamydial infection in women]. 189 Mar 54

Eighty-nine women prostitutes who underwent clinical and microbiologic examination were found to have gonococcal infection. The median age was 22; 92.1% were from urban areas. Nearly all the women prostitutes refrained from barrier methods (92.1%) and had contact with several partners (91.0%). The most frequent clinical findings were leukorrhea (50.6%), cervicitis (20.2%), and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (18.0%). Eighty-one women prostitutes (93.1%) had experienced a previous STD, with Chlamydia trachomatis (34.8%), Trichomonas vaginalis (30.3%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (29.2%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (23.6%) as the most frequent microorganisms isolated. Microorganisms associated with N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, mainly T. vaginalis (40.4%), C. trachomatis (31.5%), and Mycoplasma hominis (21.3%). For N. gonorrhoeae, the most frequent auxotypes were prototrophic (67.4%) and Proline (Pro)-dependent (14.6%); 2.2% of the strains were non-auxotypable. Beta-lactamase production was detected in three strains (3.4%) belonging to the auxotype/serovar: Lys/IA, Prototrophic/IB, and Pro/IB. The two former produced the 3.2-MDa "African" plasmid; the latter produced two plasmids (the 4.5-MDa "Asian" and the 24.5-MDa transfer plasmid.
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PMID:Gonorrhea in women prostitutes: clinical data and auxotypes, serovars, plasmid contents of PPNG, and susceptibility profiles. 190 90

The prevalence of gonorrhea and urogenital chlamydia infection was investigated among female prostitutes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Epidemiological data were recorded according to a standardized questionnaire. The median age of the prostitutes was 27 years old and median period of prostitution was 2-4 years. Most of the women (91%) has no other occupation besides prostitution and 57% of them had not even completed primary school. Among 233 cases when both gonococcal culture and chlamydial antigen detection with a commercial EIA kit were performed, the prevalence of gonorrhea was 25% (59) and that of chlamydial infection 31% (72). Both diseases were recorded in 9%. The women who had been prostitutes for 2 or more years had gonorrhea (p0.01) or chlamydial infection (p0.05) less frequently than those who had practiced prostitution for a shorter time period. Among 70 different gonococcal isolates from 241 prostitutes, 40 (57%) belonged to serogroup W II/III. Most (83%) of the W I isolates were beta-lactamase producing (PPNG) as were 42% of the W II/III isolates. All non-PPNG isolates except 1 had decreased susceptibility to benzylpenicillin (MIC or= o.125 mg/1) and all isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin. 4 of 5 isolates from the throat were PPNG and the 5th had a benzylpenicillin MIC of 0.5-2.0 mg/l.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Gonorrhoea and urogenital chlamydial infection in female prostitutes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 190

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to demonstrate the presence or absence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the lower genital tract of 57 women who attended a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. The mycoplasma was detected in the cervix of 10 (17.5%) women and also in the vagina of 4 (16%) and the urethra of 6 (24%) of 25 women from whom multiple samples were obtained. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected also by a PCR in 9 (16%) of the women, but only 3 were chlamydia-positive and mycoplasma-positive. M. genitalium was detected occasionally in women with vaginal disease (for example, bacterial vaginosis), whereas C. trachomatis was not, but whether there is any causal relationship between the mycoplasma and vaginal or cervical disease requires further study.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in the genitourinary tract of women by the polymerase chain reaction. 191 58

In Vienna, legalized prostitution is tightly controlled by the advisory board of the Viennese Public Health Service. Registered prostitutes are routinely screened for all important STDs, such as syphilis, HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydial- and yeast-infections, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Furthermore, cytological smears are obtained from the cervix and chest X-rays are performed at least once a year. In all pathological findings, an appropriate therapy is implemented. Presenting data of 1989, out of the 713 weekly controlled registered prostitutes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 0.3% of all examinations (110/35,368). In non-registered prostitutes, the infection rate of N. gonorrhoeae was 6.9% (27/354), and so far, 20 times higher than in registered ones. The infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis, which has been routinely diagnosed in registered prostitutes for several years, has decreased from 20.4% in 1980 to 2.2% in 1989 compared with 31.4% and 10.9% in non-registered prostitutes. In registered prostitutes, the prevalence of genital infections, such as C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, and yeasts was shown to be 4.9%. The corresponding data in non-registered prostitutes were much higher (18.8%). Due to examinations for cervical malignancy the incidence of Papanicolaou stain IV and V has decreased from 3.1% in 1988 to 1.6% in 1989. There was no serologic evidence for syphilis and HIV infection in both special risk groups. The data demonstrate, that due to a good health surveillance of STD-risk groups, a good information service, and free treatment, the prevalence of STDs can be reduced in prostitutes.
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PMID:Medical health care for Viennese prostitutes. 194 14

First catch urine specimens from 312 male patients were examined for the presence of chlamydial antigen by an enzyme immunoassay (Chlamydiazyme). Positive results were repeated and confirmed using a blocking assay. In addition, urethral swabs were examined by cell culture for Chlamydia trachomatis. Discrepant results were further analysed by direct immunofluorescence (IF) of the spun urine deposit. Paired specimens were positive from 26 subjects, and negative from 276 subjects. Eight paired specimens were urethral culture positive, and urine EIA negative. Two specimens, urine EIA positive but urethral culture negative, were positive on direct IF. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a positive result, and predictive value of a negative result for urine EIA against cell culture and/or direct IF were 77.8%, 100%, 100% and 97.2% respectively.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay (Chlamydiazyme) with confirmatory test for the detection of chlamydial antigen in urine from men. 195 21

Five hundred and thirty-three women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic underwent concurrent cytology and Chlamydia trachomatis screening using a Cytobrush (Medscand AB). In each case, the same Cytobrush was used to give a sample for direct immunofluorescence and culture. 11.1% of samples were positive by immunofluorescence, while 10.6% were positive by culture. This was a close agreement (Kappa = 0.875). The ability of the same instrument to be used for both cytology and chlamydial screening, where direct immunofluorescence is used for detection of chlamydiae, may allow more widespread screening for chlamydia to be practical.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Use of the Cytobrush for concurrent cytology and chlamydia sampling: a comparison of immunofluorescence and culture for detection of chlamydia. 195 24

The prevalence of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases were studied in 101 men attending a dermatovenereal outpatient clinic in Mogadishu. A control group of 103 healthy adult men were included for the serological part of the study. Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were studied. All sera were tested for syphilis markers. HBV serum markers were detected in 84% of the men in the study group and 66% of the healthy controls (P less than 0.005). Hepatitis B virus carriers were detected more frequently in the study group than among the controls. Also, 96% of the men in both groups had CMV antibodies and all of them had antibodies to HSV. No sera were found to contain HIV antibodies. The TPHA-positivity was 10% and 3% in the study and control groups respectively, and 5% of the patients had syphilis IgM antibodies. Sexual contact with prostitutes was recorded in 54% and 48% respectively of patients and controls, and such contact was correlated with TPHA-positivity in the study group. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected in urogenital specimens of 14% of the men in the study group and gonococcal culture was positive in 53% of those with urethral discharge.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in men in Mogadishu, Somalia. 196 90

The authors determined the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women who visited a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) and the influences of the number of partners and of the use of oral contraceptives (OCs), with special attention paid to the recognition of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and to the results of therapy. Of 217 women with a mean age of 26 years (range 14-56), who visited the STD clinic of the University Hospital of Groningen from July 1985-November 1987, anamnestic data were collected as well as the results from swabs of the cervix and urethra taken for culture and direct immunofluorescence (IF) test of C. trachomatis and for gonococcal culture. The influence of the number of partners (1 vs 1) and OCs on the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. PID was excluded in cooperation with the department of gynecology. C. trachomatis-infected women were treated by doxycycline orally (day 1, 2x 100 mg, days 2-7, 1x 100 mg) according to the dosage scheme advised by the Dutch Health Council in 1986. A control culture was taken 2-3 weeks after treatment. C. trachomatis was detected in 72/217 (33%) of the women by culture and/or direct IF test and in 22/41 (54%) women with gonorrhea. In connection with the number of partners in the year preceding the examination, the following prevalences were found: 18/74 (24%, 1 partner), 43/108 (40%, 2-5 partners), and 10/27 (5 partners). The prevalence among OC-using women was significantly higher (p0.05) than in non-OC using women: 44.101 (44%) vs 21/93 (23%). This was also true when OC users were compared to sterilized women (9/47, 19%), regardless of number of partners and age. Active PID was found in 2 women, both infected. After treatment with positive C. trachomatis cultures, control cultures were negative in 39/40 (98%). A relatively high prevalence of genital C. trachomatis infection is found in women visiting STD clinics, as well as in women with only 1 partner during the year preceding the examination. This study supports the hypothesis of OC use being a risk factor. How OC use influences PID risk is not fully understood. Within the framework of reliable contraception and prevention of STD complications, the combination of OC + a barrier method should be advised to women without a steady partner. Further study is necessary to determine whether preventive antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic adolescents with anamnestic risk factors for C. trachomatis infection is indicated at the start of a new relationship. (author's modified)
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PMID:[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and the use of oral contraceptives]. 200 20

Endocervical specimens obtained by cytobrush and conventional cotton wool swabs from 90 women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic were compared for their efficiency in detecting chlamydial infection. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and detection of the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antigen were attempted on each specimen. Antigen was detected in 18% of cytobrush and 17% of swab specimens. The cytobrush proved less suitable than swabs for isolation because 8 cytobrush specimens (9%) were toxic to the McCoy cells. Toxicity was significantly associated with an infected endocervix (2P = 0.004). Cytobrush therefore appeared to have little advantage over the much cheaper alternative, the cotton wool swab.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Comparison of cotton wool swab and cytobrush for detection of chlamydial infection in women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. 203 61


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