Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of infection due to Haemophilus ducreyi is incomplete. In order to produce disease, H. ducreyi must presumably penetrate the skin of the external genitalia, colonize subcutaneous tissues, then produce tissue damage which results in ulcer formation. Penetration of the normal skin most likely occurs via minor abrasions. Adherence of H. ducreyi to different cell lines in vitro has been described, and might be mediated by adhesions such as pili or haemagglutinins. In addition, binding to extracellular matrix proteins has also been reported. Extracellular tissue-degrading enzymes were absent from broth culture supernatants of H. ducreyi. Such supernatants also failed to produce cytopathic effects with established or primary cell lines. Both live and heat-killed H. ducreyi organisms were able to produce lesions in a rabbit or a mouse model, although ulcer formation was dependent on viable H. ducreyi organisms in a recently introduced temperature-dependent rabbit model. With an excessive supply of iron, a more prolonged localized inflammatory disease effect was observed. Results derived from a subcutaneous chamber model demonstrated considerable changes in the expression of outer membrane proteins combined with antibody modulation during in vivo growth of H. ducreyi. These might be important factors for maintenance of infection in the human host particularly as these changes also occur in humans. Despite an increased knowledge of the pathogenesis of chancroid, important questions such as growth requirements, bubo-formation, role of cell-mediated immunity and ulcer formation are still unanswered. The application of molecular biological techniques in order to study these problems will be helpful.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Pathophysiological concept of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid) 139 Oct 58

Bacterial pathogens account for a significant portion of the current STD epidemic in the United States. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are especially rife in the nation's poverty pockets. Chlamydial infection, the most common bacterial STD, is prevalent at all socioeconomic levels. A recurrent theme in these diseases is coexisting infection, sometimes involving HIV.
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PMID:Recent developments in STDs: I. Bacterial diseases. 207 82

To investigate cell-mediated immune response in chancroid, soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum and urine samples of healthy individuals and patients were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Increased levels both in serum and in urine were observed in cases of Haemophilus ducreyi infection. In patients showing a prolonged incubation period, urine levels exceeded serum values. Therapy led to a reduction of elevated interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum and in urine.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Jul
PMID:Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in serum and urine of patients with chancroid and their response to therapy. 208 39

Aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) peculiar to the developing countries in South America and sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. The most common STD infections are N. Gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, T. pallidum and T. vaginalis. Vertical transmission, particularly of syphilis among prostitutes, and of Chlamydia and gonorrhea after ophthalmia neonatorum, are common. Chlamydia is also a common respiratory tract infection in African neonates. Late complications of STDs, infertility and ectopic pregnancy, and particularly pelvic inflammatory disease, are responsible for a high proportion of hospitalizations. Antibiotic resistant gonorrhea strains are common, a result of poorly managed antibiotic treatment. Genital ulcer diseases (GUD), which predispose to HIV infections, are more common in Africa than in developed countries, not only herpes but chancroid, donovanosis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, causes 36-49% of ulcers in 2 reports. The L1-L3 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis cause lymphogranuloma venereum, the agent responsible for ulcers in 3.6-6.1% of 2 clinic populations. HIV infections have an equal sex ratio in Africa, with a younger age incidence in women and a high vertical transmission rate, while in Latin America, bisexual men, and increasingly, heterosexual transmission by intravenous drug users is reported. There is also an HIV-2 virus, whose virulence is in question, common in West Africa.
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PMID:The epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Africa and Latin America. 220 6

Epidemiologic studies in Nairobi and elsewhere in Africa, have shown that men infected with HIV-1 more commonly have a history of genital ulcer disease compared to uninfected men. In one study, HIV infected men were three times as likely to have a recent history of genital ulcers. In a prospective study of seronegative men, those presenting with chancroid had a five-fold risk of seroconversion during follow-up compared to men presenting with urethritis. Uncircumcised men had an increased risk of seroconversion which was independent of their risk of genital ulcer disease. Over 95% of attributable risk in men with STD was either genital ulceration or the presence of a foreskin. Genital ulcers are a major risk factor for HIV infection among prostitutes. The increased risk is about 10-fold among prostitutes with ulcers compared to a cohort who did not. We hypothesize from these studies that genital ulcers are the major portals of entry for HIV infection and also increased shedding of virus infected cells into the vaginal secretions. HIV seropositive prostitutes are more susceptible to chancroid with a two-fold increase in the prevalence of genital ulcers as compared to HIV negative women. The use of condoms by their clients prevents both genital ulcer disease and HIV acquisition among prostitutes. Chancroid is more difficult to treat in HIV infected men with one-third of patients failing single dose treatment regimens as compared to less than five percent of men without HIV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus, genital ulcers and the male foreskin: synergism in HIV-1 transmission. 226 93

Of the approximately 15 million HIV infections that have occurred since the epidemic began, over 10 million have been transmitted heterosexually. Although there have been studies to show that HIV-1 is relatively inefficiently transmitted heterosexually and substantially less readily transmitted than is herpes simplex 2 virus or human papilloma virus, studies in Kenya have identified 5 factors that facilitate heterosexual spread of HIV-1: 1) promiscuity, 2) other sexually transmitted diseases (ulcers, particularly chancroid), 3) cervical ectopia, 4) uncircumcised men, and 5) increased titers of HIV-1 secreted in the genital secretions of immunosuppressed patients. Poverty, illiteracy, discrimination and stigmatization, gender inequality, low respect for human rights, and political and civil unrest are also underlying determinants of HIV epidemiology. The World Health Organization Global Program on AIDS has mobilized resources to control AIDS, but culturally inappropriate interventions can be detrimental to slowing and stopping the spread of HIV-1. HIV prevention is difficult because of the stigmatization associated with it, the long incubation period negates awareness of cause and effect, and sexual behavior is poorly understood in all societies. Specific interventions comprise: 1) a defined mission with strong links to the national head of state and annual review of the program goals and strategies; 2) mass media and targeted educational campaigns to increase public awareness of AIDS and encourage behavior change; and 3) the synergism between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases provides an opportunity for targeted interventions. Among specific interventions are: 1) Behavioral interventions for vulnerable groups. In Thailand condom promotion, prostitute and brothel registration, and education of those in male risk groups resulted in a 70% reduction in cases of STDs. 2) Improved clinical services for sexually transmitted infections. 3) Research to understand sexual health. 4) Integration of HIV- and STD-control programs. Physical and chemical barriers should be the major strategy of reduction and prevention of HIV transmission.
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PMID:Slowing heterosexual HIV transmission. 767 67

The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for HIV clinical disease were tested among individuals with high-risk behavior in northern India. A questionnaire, based upon history and physical examination alone, standardized by the WHO to include both major and minor signs necessary for the clinical diagnosis of AIDS in adults was applied to 165 consecutive patients attending the STD clinic of Dr. R.M.L. Hospital, New Delhi. All patients were screened for the presence of STDs by the dermatologist in charge of the clinic, with patients fulfilling two major and at least two minor WHO criteria eventually classified as having clinical AIDS based upon the WHO case definition. Each of those patients was subjected to serological confirmation of the clinical suspicion using ELISA and Western blot commercial tests. Of the 165 patients screened, a definite diagnosis of STD was possible in 85. These patients were 20-45 years old (mean age, 30.59 years). All were male and chancroid was the most common STD in the cohort. Of the 85, only one satisfied the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS. Serological investigations, ELISA, and Western blot confirmed the subject's HIV-seropositive status. These results indicate that in northern India, clinical HIV disease remains rare even among individuals with high-risk behavior. The low prevalence of clinical HIV disease in that part of the country makes it difficult to assess the specificity and sensitivity of the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS.
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PMID:Surveillance of STD patients for AIDS using World Health Organisation criteria. 775 6

Genital ulcerated disease (GUD), which includes chancroid, has been identified as a risk factor for HIV transmission. This study reports the prevalence of anti-Hemophilus ducreyi (chancroid) antibodies in 1831 Ethiopian women and looks at the behavioral and social factors which might affect the incidence and potential spread of chancroid. Patient data regarding ethnic and socioeconomic aspects were collected from detailed questionnaires. Blood collection was performed under medical surveillance. Complete gynecological examinations were performed. Papanicolaou stained smears were used as the basis of the cytological data. Serological studies utilized an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test for STD detection. Statistical tests used included the Chi-square test, the multivariate analysis technique, and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel General Association Statistic Test. Antibodies to H. ducreyi were found in 335 women (19.4%). Prevalence of H. ducreyi was significantly associated with Amhara or Tigre ethnic heritage; older age; first coitus before beginning menstruation; history of STDs; divorced status; being a prostitute; longer duration of married and sexual life; and younger age at first coitus. Logistic regression demonstrated that 3 factors were significant when associated with H. ducreyi seropositivity. First coitus before beginning menstruation was highly significant (OR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.49-2.57; P 0.0001). Not being still married to the first husband was also significant (OR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.23-2.30; P 0.001). Being of the Ethiopian Orthodox religion was significant (OR 2.11; 95% CI, 1.21-3.68; P 0.005). Prevalence in women with 2-5 lifetime husbands was higher than in women with only 1 husband.
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PMID:Seroepidemiological studies of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in Ethiopian women. 781 62

This article will review the 1993 STD Treatment Guidelines of particular importance to dermatologic clinical practice. Topics include STD/HIV prevention, management of sexual partners, STD in persons with HIV co-infection, genital ulcer disease (GUD) including syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and chancroid, therapy of nongonococcal (NGU) and chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis, gonococcal (GC) infections, HPV infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, pediculosis pubis, and scabies.
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PMID:The 1993 sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. 784 21

Genital ulcerations typify one of the major reasons clients seek STD consultation in developing countries. The usual etiologies are syphilis, chancroid and herpes. The ideal diagnostic approach is to undertake complete laboratory examination that are rarely possible in structure destitute of laboratory analysis possibilities which is the case for most of the STD transmission agents. Chancroid is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, a short Gram negative bacteria. The bacteriological diagnosis is based on direct examination, isolation and identification of the bacteria. The nutritive exigence of the bacteria required 3 medium of isolation (PPLO base Pasteur), GC base (GIBCO) and Muller Hinton base (Becton & Dickinson, with "chocolate" agar) have been tested from the chancre samples of 108 male patients who had a median age of 31 years. Direct exams were positive in 66 cases (61%) and culture exams positive in 53 cases (49%). The Muller Hinton base with "chocolate" agar produced the best results and seems to be the medium of choice for isolated strains in Senegal. The culture mediums currently used in Europe are apparently inappropriate for the germ culture in Senegal. We have also observed that all the isolated strains were producers of beta-lactamase. Antibiotic treatment before the sample swab is taken seems to have an inhibiting effect on the culture. Direct examination with a sensibility of 94.3% and a specificity of 70.9% remains sufficient in routine presumptive diagnosis in endemic areas.
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PMID:[Importance of culture media choice in the isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. Experience in Senegal]. 800


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