Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As part of a case-control study to investigate the high incidence of cervical cancer in Costa Rican women, the seroprevalence of the treponematoses, in particular, syphilis was determined. In each age group, women with a history of two or more sex partners were two to four times more likely to be seroreactive in tests for syphilis than women with zero or one sex partner. The highest percentage of reactive results in the microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP) was seen in samples from women aged 50-59 who had had two or more lifetime partners (23.8%). Three observations from our study support reactivity due to syphilis rather than yaws or pinta: (1) a similar percent of reactive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test results among MHA-TP reactors in the two age groups of women who were surveyed (42 vs. 49%) was observed; (2) women who were seroreactive in the MHA-TP had multiple risk factors for STD [low socioeconomic status (9.4%), urban residence (22.8%), first intercourse under 16 years of age (14.1%), and multiple sex partners (26.3%)], and (3) only sexually experienced women had reactive results in the MHA-TP test.
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PMID:A population-based serosurveillance of syphilis in Costa Rica. 186 61

The results of the nationwide, population-based cervical cancer screening programme (organized by the Finnish Cancer Society since early 1960s) were analysed to establish the prevalence figures (and their changes) for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in an unselected Finnish female population (aged between 20 and 65 years) screened in Kuopio Province between 1981 and 1989. During the study period 82,393 women were invited on a regular basis for the mass-screening, and also 4131 women in a risk group. Of these, a total of 63,115 and 3249 women attended, resulting in the attendance rates of 76.6% and 78.6%, respectively. As a result of the screening, a total of 509 (0.80%) of the 63,115 smears were diagnosed as having the cytological changes consistent with HPV infection in the mass screening. The corresponding figures in the risk group screening were 58/3249 (1.78%). There was a sharply increasing trend in the prevalence of genital HPV infections from 1981 through 1987, from 0.04% to 1.76% (ie a 44-fold increase in 7 years) which, surprisingly, then declined to 1.43% in 1988 and 1.04% in 1989. Based on a random sample of 2084 routine (non-mass-screening) Pap smears (out of (28,861) collected from the files of our laboratory, the prevalence of HPV infections was stratified by age groups. The highest prevalence (6.1%) was observed in women aged between 20 and 29 years, followed by 2.2% in those aged 30-39 years. Using the figures of the relative risk (RR) of HPV infections by age, an estimation was made to assess the prevalence of clinical HPV infections in the Finnish female population in general.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Nov
PMID:Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus infections in a mass-screened Finnish female population aged 20-65 years. 196 68

Mississippi physicians participating in this survey generally followed the recommended guidelines for frequency of Pap smear screening in the general population and for high risk groups. While the participating physicians considered the presence of some sexually transmitted diseases to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer, many did not consider other STD's to place a patient at increased risk. Smoking was another risk factor that many physicians overlooked. Many Mississippi physicians also did not consider a Pap smear lacking endocervical cells inadequate. All physicians performing Pap smears need to be aware of the risk factors for the development of cervical cancer. There is a continuing controversy concerning the significance of certain Pap smear findings, the timing of colposcopic intervention, and the management of abnormal findings on these tests. Clinical decisions should be based on the newer concepts of degrees of dysplasia, cytological and descriptive findings, and the potential for rapid progression of lesions. Management of the abnormal Pap smear is the topic of another article in this issue of the Journal.
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PMID:The use of the Pap smear in Mississippi. 206 4

Whilst some viruses of the Papilloma family cause warts on the skin, others infect mucosal cells. The types called 6 and 11 produce benign papillomas, called condylomata acuminata, visible to the naked eye, not only on the vulva, vagina, penis (cockscomb), but also in the anus, and occasionally the larynx, mouth (tongue) and oesophagus. Types 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer (generally called in situ) and especially very small flat lesions that can only be seen through the colposcope in women and a lens in men. These flat micro-lesions can also be found on the vulva, vaginal walls and on the glans and, balano-preputial area and shaft in males, the distal urethra, anus, larynx (especially the vocal cords), the mouth and oesophagus. These flat micro-lesions are either early cancers (here the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the virus 16 and/or 18 is integrated into the cell genome), or precancerous lesion in which case the viral DNA is not integrated. Their malignant transformation is much more frequent at the junction of the glandular and squamous parts of the cervix, than in the vulva or vagina. Co-carcinogenic factors appear to have an important role in the malignant transformation;--as for instance sexually transmissible infections including chlamydiae, bacteria that produce carcinogens such as nitrosamines, herpes virus which is known to cause mutations predisposing to the integration of the Papova viruses, chemical substances applied to the genitalia. The role of low hygiene standards in male sexual partners is the major cause (such men can carry simultaneously several sexually transmissible diseases (STD], who are never examined in search for flat lesions, who do not seek medical advice and have multiple sexual contacts with many women among whom some are more dangerous than prostitutes, especially since the wide use of hormone contraceptives and abortion that has multiplied the incidence of cervical cancer by 3 among the 20 year-old females, by 4 among the 25 year-old ones and by 2.5 among the 30 year-old ones, between 1961-65 and 1982-83. These changes in contraception have now made intra-vaginal ejaculation the rule (this not only carries viruses and other micro-organisms into the female genital tract, but also deposits sperm that contains some thirty factors that suppress local immunity). This with the rise of multiple partners, early sexual activity in particular in girls (hardly post-puberty) explains the increase of the frequency of cervical cancer in younger and younger women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Prevention of genito-anal and bucco-laryngo-esophageal cancers caused by sexually transmitted viruses]. 300 11

The Government of the United Kingdom has produced a strategic plan called the Health of the Nation aimed at achieving better health in key areas including a reduction in rates of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer. Conventional health care systems fail some groups with special needs. This cross-sectional interview study was undertaken to determine the level and type of contraceptive use, and the attitudes of female opiate abusers to the use and availability of contraceptives and cytology services. The subjects were 201 opiate-dependent women enrolled in a methadone maintenance programme in a large drug dependency unit: 169 (84.5%) were sexually active and 65 (44.2%) of non-pregnant sexually active women did not use a contraceptive method. Thirty-six (43.9%) of those using a contraceptive were using condoms, with which the majority were dissatisfied. Sixty-one (30.3%) had never had a cervical cytology smear and of those who had, 21.4% reported an abnormal result. The contraceptive practices and uptake of cervical screening services by the women studied are inadequate, reflecting poor use of conventional health care services. In addition to providing information on safer sexual practices, particularly promotion of condom use, we suggest that drug dependency units should expand their role to provide educational and preventative services to include aspects of women's health.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Female sexual health problems in a drug dependency unit. 764 24

A retrospective chart review was conducted for one year to determine cervical cytological abnormalities and their distribution among women attending a STD clinic, and to analyse cervical cytologies by STD diagnosis and history or presence of genital warts. Analysis was performed on 790 Pap smears. Most (60%) cytologies were benign. Prevalence of STD among CIN-1 cytologies (78%) was significantly higher (P = 0.02) than among benign cytologies (46%). Commonest cytologies presenting among youngest age groups were CIN-1/condyloma, CIN-1, CIN-2. Women with preceding or concurrent clinical HPV infection had significantly more HPV associated changes on cytology (P < 0.001) than women with no such history. The presentation of cytological abnormalities considered to be precursors to cervical cancer among sexually active young women demonstrates the importance of Pap smear testing of STD clinic populations.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Relationships of cervical cytologies to selected variables among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. 803 11

Studies in various regions of the world have shown that women infected with HIV-1 are at increased risk for cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as well as for cervical cancer precursor lesions. HIV infection and cervical cancer are both widespread in West Africa, but little is known about the relationship between HPV and HIV-2, the predominant type of HIV in the general population of many West African countries. The authors report findings from their collection of cervical samples for cytology and HPV analysis from 93 women presenting to the University of Dakar Infectious Disease Service; 18 women infected with HIV-1, 17 with HIV-2, and 58 HIV seronegative controls. Compared to those without HIV infection, HIV seropositive women were 13.1 and 11.0 times more likely to have HPV detected using Southern transfer hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The detection of high and intermediate risk HPV types was significantly associated with HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Among HPV-positive women, those infected with HIV were more likely to harbor high-risk HPV types. HIV-1 and HIV-2 seropositive women were 23.3 and 9.3 times more likely to have a cytological diagnosis of dysplasia, respectively, than were HIV-seronegative women. Biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 was found in one woman with HIV-1 and invasive cancer was found in one woman with HIV-2. It remains unclear, however, whether HIV-1 and HIV-2 confer similar risks of developing CIN 2-3 and the potential of invasive cervical cancer.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection among Senegalese women seropositive for HIV-1 or HIV-2 or seronegative for HIV. 806 Oct 90

Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer of women in Ethiopia and sexually transmitted diseases are highly prevalent in the country. In order to establish a possible cause and effect relationship between sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer, likely etiological socio-economic factors for these two conditions have been analysed. While residence, income, age at first coitus, age, number of sexual partners, marital status/profession and duration of sexual life affect both conditions, there is a significant difference between the most important factors in the etiology of the separate conditions. Serological testing shows a high prevalence of gonorrhea, which was used as a marker of STD. Women with gonococcal antibodies had evidence of increased exposure to other STD; there was no such correlation for cervical cancer. Our results indicate that STD per se is unlikely to be a primary cause of CC in Ethiopia. It appears probable that the etiology of CC in Ethiopia is multifactorial. Early exposure of the immature cervical epithelium to STD, the trauma of repeated childbirth, and multiple sexual partners in women whose defence factors are impaired by chronic malnutrition, add up to a major medico-socio-economic factor. The evidence presented here suggests that CC in Ethiopia is not so much the result of a sexually transmitted disease, but a sociosexual disease.
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PMID:Is cervical cancer in Ethiopian women the result of a sexually transmitted disease? 835 10

For people immunosuppressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we expect an increase in cancer incidence similar to that documented in transplant patients. We examined the cancer spectrum in an HIV-infected cohort, specifically malignancies not currently associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in relation to the general population. Cancer incidence data for residents of Harris County, Texas, diagnosed between 1975 and 1994, were linked to HIV/AIDS registry data by Soundex code and date of birth to identify malignancies in an HIV-infected cohort of 14,986 persons. Incidence of cancer in this cohort was compared to the general population by standardized incidence ratio (SIR) analysis. From the HIV-infected cohort, 2289 persons (15%) were identified as having one or more malignancies, with 97% occurring in males. The linkage alone identified 29.5% of the malignancies, of which only 28.7% were diagnosed in males. Adjusting for age, HIV-infected men and women had incidences of cancer that were 16.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.1-17.3] and 2.9 (95% CI 2.3-3.7) times that expected for the general population of Harris County, Texas. Besides Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervix cancer and brain lymphoma, non-AIDS related malignancies of Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-melanotic skin cancer in males and colon cancer in females, exhibited significant SIRs of 5.6 (95% CI 3.6-8.4), 6.9 (95% CI 4.8-9.5) and 4.0 (95% CI 1.1-10.2). Increased incidences of lung, prostate and breast malignancies were not seen in this HIV cohort. Persons infected with HIV appear to be at increased risk for the non-AIDS related malignancies, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-melanotic skin cancer in males and colon cancer in females.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Dec
PMID:HIV-related malignancies: community-based study using linkage of cancer registry and HIV registry data. 1063 60

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-like antigens RAK (named after the inventor E. M. Rakowicz) p120, p42, and p25, as well as HIV-1-like segments of cancer DNA (RAK gene alpha), have been found before in breast and prostate cancers. The present study focused on determining the value of markers RAK in the diagnosis and prognosis of gynecological cancer. Expression of RAK antigens in ovarian, uterine, cervical, and vulvar cancer, in benign tumors, in tissues adjacent to cancer, and in normal tissues was tested by Western blot hybridization of the electrophoretically separated proteins with monoclonal antibody RAK BrI. The RAK alpha gene was PCR amplified with HIV-1-derived primers SK68 and SK69. RAK antigens p120, p42, and p25 were found in 95% of ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer cases and in 75% of vulvar cancer cases. The RAK alpha gene was expressed in 100% of cancer cases, in approximately 25% of benign ovarian tumors, and in 40% of benign tumors of the uterus. DNA sequences amplified in all cancer cases exhibited more than 90% homology to HIV-1 gp41 and were encoded for the functional peptide. DNA sequences found in benign tumors contained frameshift mutations and encoded truncated or nonfunctional peptides. Such sequences have not been amplified in normal tissues. RAK antigens and the RAK alpha gene seem to belong to a lentivirus type that is highly related to HIV-1. Beyond the diagnostic value of RAK markers, future cloning of the full viral genome would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of malignant and nonmalignant tumors of reproductive organs and to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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PMID:Relevance of the viral RAK alpha gene in diagnosis of malignant versus nonmalignant tumors of the ovary and uterus. 1079 46


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