Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The light-activated, nucleic acid-binding drugs, psoralens, were used in conjunction with a 365-nm laser microbeam to selectively bind to any nucleic acids in the centriolar region. 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8--trimethyl-psoralen (AMT) has a high affinity for both RNA and DNA and can be shown to cause mitotic abortion when centriolar regions of prophase PTK2 cells and reacted with AMT and 365-nm laser light. Other psoralen derivatives which have a high affinity for DNA and a low affinity for RNA are not effective in blocking mitosis in dividing PTK2 cells. Examination of psoralen-bound centriolar regions by single-cell electron microscopy shows that at various times after treatment, the number of microtubules associated with the irradiated poles is much lower than in normal, dividing cells. Light-activated psoralen binding of the centriolar regions does not seem to affect the condensation or structure of mitotic chromosomes. It is concluded that there is an RNA in the centriolar region that is responsible for the formation of the spindle in dividing cells.
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PMID:Evidence for centriolar region RNA functioning in spindle formation in dividing PTK2 cells. 74 44

Nine hundred fifty randomly selected secondary school girls were surveyed. Sexual activity was claimed by 29%, the youngest age was 12 years and age had no influence on the frequency of sexual intercourse. Multiple sexual partners, a high risk behaviour for contracting STD including AIDS was demonstrated in 33.7% and only 20.3% used orthodox methods of contraception. Induced abortion was procured by 23.5% and most were procured from unskilled personnel and by dangerous methods.
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PMID:Sexual activity, contraceptive practice and abortion among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. 167 84

Adolescent women's contraception decision making is studied from the perspective of modified decision making theory, specifically subjective expected utility (SEU) theory. It is assumed that individuals choose contraceptive use on the basis of perceived costs and benefits, susceptibility (risk), and severity of outcomes. A comparison is made the SEUs of using versus not using contraception where the decision may be a rational one. There is a discussion of how this study is different from other SEU studies. The study population included 430 OC users, who were 18 years and not pregnant, at a Planned Parenthood Clinic in Baltimore City in 1988 and interviewed at 3 and t months after their OC visit. 89% of the baseline population completed both followup interviews. Attrition was due to inability to locate respondents. The analysis pertained to 308 respondents who had at least 1 act of coitus in the followup period. Respondents were primarily inner city and sexually active with a high risk of teen pregnancy. Consistency of OC use is the dependent variable, and expected OC use is a key independent variable if the subject is a rational decision maker. Other independent variables were the selection of who were influential members of her household, the number of stability of sexual relationships, having an older sex partner, and having a sex partner supportive of her consistent OC use. Other than partner changes, the frequency of intercourse and side effects of OC use, and the age, race, and mother's education were included. The multiple repression analysis revealed that for those subjects with the expected choice in SEU terms of OC use were 1.59 times more likely to use OCs consistently than those for whom OC use was not expected. SEU concepts were helpful in predicting consistency of OC use in a 6 month period, and intervening events and social influences affect OC use in predictable ways. Inconsistent contraceptors and partners who were older, nonsupportive of birth control, or unstable or nonexclusive. Partners may have more influence than conventionally accepted. Breakups increased the odds of consistent use, but not frequency of intercourse. Having had an abortion is a significant predictor of OC use. The implications are that adolescents are capable of rational decision making and could be advised of the risk factors for consistent use. The limitations are that clinic clients may be self selected on the level of partner support, may not be representative of all seeking contraceptive services, and did not receive the current AIDs prevention and condom recommendations. Future research might use the SEU model with a non-OC method, other outcomes such as STD or abortion prevention, further refinement of the partner's SEU, and the framework in which OC use is promoted over other methods as the clinic effect
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PMID:Adolescent women's contraceptive decision making. 186 Oct 49

A case-control study was conducted in seven maternity hospitals in the Paris area in 1988 to evaluate the role of several risk factors in ectopic pregnancy (EP). A total of 279 cases and 307 controls were compared for sociodemographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, sexual reproductive and surgical histories and for the conditions under which conception occurred. Many factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of EP: cigarette smoking related to the number smoked at the time of conception (Odds Radio (OR) 1.26 to 2.72), appendicectomy (OR 1.25, 95% CI = 1.02-1.56), prior tubal surgery (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.37-4.22), prior use of intrauterine devices (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.02-1.80), induced ovulation cycle (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.01-2.74) and prior EP (OR = 3.90, 95% CI = 2.27-6.75). Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity was associated with an increased risk of EP (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.04-2.13), but clinically reported pelvic inflammatory disease was not. Maternal age, parity, previous induced abortion and previous spontaneous abortion were not associated with EP. Use of an intrauterine device, progestagen micro-pill or the combined oestrogen/progestagen pill at the time of conception were associated with a lower risk of intrauterine pregnancy than of EP. These findings confirm the importance of several of the previously reported risk factors for EP; STD's, previous EP and cigarette smoking. They also identify new risk factors: appendicectomy, induced ovulation cycle, and showed that the combined oestrogen/progestagen pill does not prevent ectopic pregnancy as effectively as it prevents intrauterine pregnancy.
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PMID:[Risk factors of ectopic pregnancy. A case-control study at 7 maternity units in the Paris area]. 186 82

This study compares the risks of pregnancy, infertility, heart disease, cancer, and death associated with various contraceptive methods with the risks faced by women using no method. Estimated risks are derived from a decision-tree analysis program for a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 women. Method-specific estimates of the probability of various outcomes were obtained from published reports. Low estimates of typical use, first-year failure rates were used in the models. Tabulated data reveal that women who use no contraceptive method throughout their reproductive life (aged 15-44) and never have an abortion would have 18 births as compared to no more than five for women who use any contraceptive method. Data were also tabulated for the method-specific risks of developing upper genital tract infections, ectopic pregnancies, and tubal infertility (caused by the acquisition of a sexually transmitted disease [STD]) were calculated with method differences modeled for women at high and at low risk of acquiring a STD. The third table shows the estimated annual number of deaths per 100,000 ectopic pregnancies, live births, and induced abortions by five-year age groups. The annual pregnancy-related and method-related mortality rates per 100,000 women at risk of unintended pregnancy and at low risk of STDs was also calculated by contraceptive method. The fifth table illustrates the estimated annual incidence of and number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 women by smoking status, age group, and use of nonuse of oral contraceptives. OC use is also compared in a determination of the estimated annual number of ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers diagnosed per 100,000 women by age at diagnosis. Finally, estimated deaths averted by each age group annually per 100,000 were calculated for current users of barrier and spermicide methods and of OCs and for ever-users before age 45. The conclusions drawn from these comparisons are that each contraceptive method presents different combinations of risks and benefits to women at different stages of their lives. Engaging in multiple sexual relationships, smoking, and irregular or incorrect method use are the three factors which most compromise a woman's ability to reach her reproductive and health goals.
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PMID:Comparing the health risks and benefits of contraceptive choices. 206 Jun 12

The incidence of Chlamydia infection and factors associated with it in 193 women consulting for infertility was analyzed in comparison with 210 matched controls. All study subjects received a clinical exam, history interview, Pap test, vaginal bacteriology, colposcopy, cervical virology for Chlamydia and enzyme-linked assay for Chlamydia, herpes, rubella and toxoplasma antibodies. Results were tabulated as percent distributions for Chlamydia-positive and -negative in index cases and controls, broken down by the descriptive factors, age at 1st intercourse, number of partners, socio economic class and numbers of induced abortions. 43.5% of the index cases had primary infertility, 21.7% had secondary infertility and 34.8% were sterile. 11.9% of the study group were positive for Chlamydia infection, compared to 5.7% of controls. The only significant difference in factors related to STD infection were: earlier age at 1st intercourse among controls; higher percentage with 3 sexual partners, higher socioeconomic class and more induced abortions in the study group of infertile women; but no difference in chlamydia infection rates with abortion history. This study is unusual in finding higher socioeconomic class in the infertile women than in controls.
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PMID:A possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis in unexplained infertility and sterility. 207 19

Two aspects of the performance of Abbott's improved Chlamydiazyme enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were studied. Firstly, the test was compared with cell culture in cervical specimens from 100 abortion applicants. The results showed good correlation between the two methods, with 12 women positive with both methods and one woman EIA-positive but culture-negative. Compared with cell culture the EIA had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98.9%. Secondly, the reproducibility of positive EIA tests was evaluated by re-analysing 100 consecutive positive specimens. Ninety-nine of these remained positive and one weakly positive specimen became negative. There was close correlation between absorbance values on first and second analyses. The performance of the Chlamydiazyme EIA in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility is acceptable in this patient population.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Sep
PMID:Performance of Chlamydiazyme enzyme immunoassay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical specimens. 209 53

Whilst some viruses of the Papilloma family cause warts on the skin, others infect mucosal cells. The types called 6 and 11 produce benign papillomas, called condylomata acuminata, visible to the naked eye, not only on the vulva, vagina, penis (cockscomb), but also in the anus, and occasionally the larynx, mouth (tongue) and oesophagus. Types 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer (generally called in situ) and especially very small flat lesions that can only be seen through the colposcope in women and a lens in men. These flat micro-lesions can also be found on the vulva, vaginal walls and on the glans and, balano-preputial area and shaft in males, the distal urethra, anus, larynx (especially the vocal cords), the mouth and oesophagus. These flat micro-lesions are either early cancers (here the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the virus 16 and/or 18 is integrated into the cell genome), or precancerous lesion in which case the viral DNA is not integrated. Their malignant transformation is much more frequent at the junction of the glandular and squamous parts of the cervix, than in the vulva or vagina. Co-carcinogenic factors appear to have an important role in the malignant transformation;--as for instance sexually transmissible infections including chlamydiae, bacteria that produce carcinogens such as nitrosamines, herpes virus which is known to cause mutations predisposing to the integration of the Papova viruses, chemical substances applied to the genitalia. The role of low hygiene standards in male sexual partners is the major cause (such men can carry simultaneously several sexually transmissible diseases (STD], who are never examined in search for flat lesions, who do not seek medical advice and have multiple sexual contacts with many women among whom some are more dangerous than prostitutes, especially since the wide use of hormone contraceptives and abortion that has multiplied the incidence of cervical cancer by 3 among the 20 year-old females, by 4 among the 25 year-old ones and by 2.5 among the 30 year-old ones, between 1961-65 and 1982-83. These changes in contraception have now made intra-vaginal ejaculation the rule (this not only carries viruses and other micro-organisms into the female genital tract, but also deposits sperm that contains some thirty factors that suppress local immunity). This with the rise of multiple partners, early sexual activity in particular in girls (hardly post-puberty) explains the increase of the frequency of cervical cancer in younger and younger women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Prevention of genito-anal and bucco-laryngo-esophageal cancers caused by sexually transmitted viruses]. 300 11

The objective was to study the changes in pregnancy HIV prevalence with time. Data were collected from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive record of all HIV seropositive pregnant women identified in the Edinburgh area (Scotland) until December 1992. There were 177 pregnancies in 108 HIV seropositive identified women. Risk factors were injection drug use (79% of pregnancies) and a known HIV seropositive injection drug-using partner (16%). Prevalence has decreased for Edinburgh City women from 0.5% of all pregnancies in 1986 to 0.1% in 1992; It was higher for induced abortion (0.6%) than for delivery (0.2%). HIV testing in pregnancy has declined. Comparison with unlinked anonymized testing showed that in 1990-1991, 20/22 seropositive women were known. In 1992, only 3 of 10 seropositive pregnancies were identified. The cohort initially infected by exposure to a 'drug related' risk factor between 1983 and 1985 may have increasingly finished childbearing, deliberately decided against pregnancy because of HIV status, and declined because of death, illness and emigration from the area, There may not have been major early tertiary heterosexual spread; however, data from 1992 suggest that this could now be impacting on pregnancy prevalence. Local testing policies have not adapted to this possible change.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:HIV testing and prevalence in pregnancy in Edinburgh. 803 9

This report analyzes various aspects of contraception in Spain. One notable finding is the wide socioeconomic, cultural and health variation among regions. Since 1975 a significant drop in the birth rate has been observed overall. Twenty per cent of the women studied at risk of pregnancy are using oral contraceptives. The most widespread contraceptive method is still coitus interruptus, followed by oral contraception and the condom, as well as the rhythm method. The highest use of oral contraceptive and IUDs is seen in Catalonia (20% and 26% respectively) followed by Andalusia, Madrid and Valencia. Although contraception has only recently become legal in Spain, it is widely available either without charge or very inexpensively; all methods including abortion are available. At present, priority is given to special interest groups such as women in special circumstances, teenagers, etc. and to special programs like "Integrated Care for Women" which includes contraception, STD, pregnancy monitoring, early diagnosis of gynaecologic cancer and menopause.
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PMID:Contraception in Spain. 814 51


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