Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In human leukemia, activation of the ABL proto-oncogene locus on chromosome 9 most commonly occurs as a result of its fusion to the BCR locus on chromosome 22. The resulting chimeric protein displays an elevated tyrosine kinase activity. We have identified a novel activation of ABL which involves a gene located on chromosome 12, designated TEL. Like BCR, TEL is fused in-frame with ABL and produces a fusion protein with an elevated tyrosine kinase activity when assayed in an immune complex. The amino-terminal sequences of TEL encode a helix-loop-helix motif which may mediate dimerization.
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PMID:The novel activation of ABL by fusion to an ets-related gene, TEL. 780 37

Previously we had characterized the t(1;7)(p34;q34) translocation from HSB-2. This translocation fused the beta T-cell receptor gene (TCRB) constant region and transcriptional enhancer with the type I transcription unit of the LCK gene on the derivative 1 [der(1)] chromosome. The type II promoter was translocated to the der(7) chromosome. Regarding the mechanism of the t(1;7) in HSB-2, we identified an alternating purine-pyrimidine tract (G-T)17 at the 1p34/LCK breakpoint. Additionally, sequence analysis of both breakpoint junctions provided data that implicate the V(D)J recombinase in formation of the t(1;7). A heptamer-nonamer recognition sequence with a 12-bp spacer was found in the immediate vicinity of the 1p34/LCK breakpoint and, thus, chromosomal breakage at 1p34 may be explained as resulting from recombinase activity. Because phosphorylation of Tyr-505 in vivo regulates the tyrosine kinase activity of p56lck we amplified a region from LCK exon 12 that contains the codon for Tyr-505 and showed no mutation of this codon in HSB-2 DNA and, therefore, p56lck in HSB-2 is not activated by mutation of Tyr-505. We have analyzed LCK gene expression in HSB-2 and SUP-T12 cell lines. RNase protection analysis identified almost exclusively type I transcripts in HSB-2. An independent t(1;7) in SUP-T12 also resulted in the juxtaposition of LCK to TCRB. The breakpoint in SUP-T12 occurred 2 kb 5' of the type II promoter, leaving an intact LCK gene on the der(1) chromosome. RNase protection analysis identified both type I and type II LCK transcripts in a 3:1 ratio in SUP-T12. Factors other than proximity to the TCRB enhancer must affect promoter utilization in this cell line.
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PMID:Molecular analysis of the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia-associated t(1;7)(p34;q34) that fuses LCK and TCRB. 804 39

The pH chromosome, resulting from the t(9;22) translocation, is the most frequently observed cytogenetic aberration in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Two genes, bcr and abl, are involved in this translocation. As a consequence, parts of the bcr and abl genes are fused, resulting in chimeric bcr-abl genes encoding chimeric BCR-ABL proteins. Three bcr-abl genes and proteins have been identified: e1-a2 P190bcr-abl, b2-a2 P210bcr-abl, and b3-a2 P210bcr-abl. Since these chimeric proteins only occur in Ph-chromosome-positive leukemic cells, they are by definition tumor-specific markers. Ph-chromosome-positive ALL is correlated with a bad prognosis, therefore the detection of chimeric BCR-ABL proteins is of prime importance in ALL diagnosis. In the present study, we report on the generation of a monoclonal antibody termed ER-FP1, raised against the tumor-specific e1-a2 BCR-ABL junction in P190bcr-abl. We show that ER-FP1 reacts highly specifically with e1-a2 P190bcr-abl in different assays. The reactivity of ER-FP1 with e1-a2 P190bcr-abl in soluble form was analyzed in an immunoprecipitation assay; specificity was confirmed by peptide inhibition studies. Binding of ER-FP1 to e1-a2 P190bcr-abl at the single cell level was detected by using immunofluorescence techniques. Immunological double-staining experiments using ER-FP1 and a monoclonal antibody recognizing all BCR-ABL proteins confirmed the specificity of ER-FP1 for the e1-a2 fusion point.
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PMID:Recognition of the ALL-specific BCR-ABL junction in P190bcr-abl by monoclonal antibody ER-FP1. 809 30

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder associated with the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) in more than 95% of these patients. The Ph1 and the resulting BCR-ABL fused genes are markers for this type of leukemia. In CML, the product of the fused BCR-ABL gene is typically a protein of approximately 2,000 amino acids termed P210 BCR-ABL. We have developed an assay for the BCR-ABL protein involving Western blotting of circulating white blood cells (WBC) with an anti-ABL monoclonal antibody that can detect P210 BCR-ABL and P145 ABL in peripheral blood cells from chronic phase Ph1-positive leukemia patients. This assay was used to analyze the BCR-ABL protein content of circulating WBC from CML patients before and after various treatments. In parallel to changes in percentages of Ph1-positive blood cells as determined by cytogenetic analyses of bone marrow samples, BCR-ABL protein expression in blood cells decreased or increased as patients entered remission or underwent relapse. Of interest, six Ph1-negative CML patients were BCR-ABL protein-positive. All except one had a rearrangement in the major breakpoint cluster region and that patient expressed P185 BCR-ABL and not P210. Our results indicate that the BCR-ABL Western blotting assay has clinical applications for both diagnosis and prospective evaluation of Ph1-positive and Ph1-negative CML patients.
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PMID:BCR-ABL protein expression in peripheral blood cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients undergoing therapy. 820 87

The translocation (6;9) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia results in the formation of a dek-can fusion gene. In a case of acute undifferentiated leukemia, the oncogene can is fused to a different gene, named set, instead of dek and is assumed to be activated. Transcripts of set encode a putative SET protein with a predicted molecular mass of 32 kDa. We identified SET as a 39-kDa protein by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum against each of three synthetic peptides predicted from the open reading frame of the set gene. We confirmed this identification of SET by protein sequencing. We also observed that SET is expressed ubiquitously in various human cell lines. SET is phosphorylated on serine residue(s) in cultured cells and is localized predominantly in nuclei. Although the function(s) of SET and SET-CAN is not known, we propose that SET plays a key role in the mechanism of leukemogenesis in acute undifferentiated leukemia, perhaps by activating CAN in nuclei and stimulating the transformation potential of SET-CAN. This proposed role would therefore be similar to the roles observed for BCR and DEK of the chimeric oncoproteins BCR-ABL and DEK-CAN in acute myeloid leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, respectively.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of SET, a nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the translocation break point in acute undifferentiated leukemia. 829 83

The benign phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) typically is characterized by an overproduction of myeloid cells that eventually progresses to a more acute stage termed blast crisis. This latter stage can exhibit either myeloid or lymphoid blast clones. Our recent results have demonstrated the presence of the P210 BCR-ABL protein in blood cells from benign phase CML patients (Guo et al., Cancer Research 51:3048, 1991). This protein is the product of an 8.5 kb chimeric RNA encoded by fused BCR-ABL genes produced by the formation of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. Using this new assay we have identified a patient with benign-phase CML who produces P190 BCR-ABL, the form of the BCR-ABL protein found in about 50% of cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This patient lacked detectable P210 BCR-ABL protein and did not contain a DNA rearrangement in the major breakpoint cluster region of the BCR gene. Consistent with this result, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses detected a BCR-ABL mRNA with BCR exon 1 fused to ABL exon 2. No BCR-ABL mRNAs with 2'- or 3'-bcr exon to ABL exon 2 fusions were detected in these analyses. Blood cells from this patient lost P190 BCR-ABL after the patient underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplant, but regained this protein although the patient was still in chronic phase after a subsequent autologous transplant as treatment for graft failure. These findings indicate that P190 BCR-ABL alone is not sufficient to induce a blast crisis phenotype in leukemia patients who are Ph chromosome-positive.
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PMID:Acute lymphoid leukemia molecular phenotype in a patient with benign-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. 834 Feb 87

The t(9,22) chromosomal translocation generating the Philadelphia chromosome and the BCRABL oncogene has been shown both cytogenetically and molecularly to be the etiologic event in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We have designed a ribozyme to cleave the BCRABL mRNA by targeting a GUU triplet adjacent to the junction of the c-BCR and c-ABL fused genes. This ribozyme efficiently cleaved BCRABL RNA transcripts as demonstrated by in vitro cleavage reactions. To determine the effect of constitutive expression of the ribozyme on the elimination of the BCRABL gene product, the ribozyme cDNA sequence was inserted into different retroviral expression vectors. Introduction of the recombinant retroviruses into the CML blast crisis cell-line K562, resulted in the elimination of the P210 protein-kinase activity in several single cell clones infected with the ribozyme expression cassette. Therefore BCR-ABL specific ribozymes may provide a potential genetic therapy for CML.
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PMID:Ribozyme-mediated cleavage of the BCRABL oncogene transcript: in vitro cleavage of RNA and in vivo loss of P210 protein-kinase activity. 841 22

Recombinant human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) envelope external glycoprotein, gp46-II, was expressed using a vaccinia virus vector. A recombinant gp46-II fused to an epitope of the influenza virus hemagglutinin, YPYDVPDYA, was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified glycoprotein was used to immunize Balb/c mice, and antibodies against gp46-II were detected by Western blot analysis and syncytium inhibition assays. We transformed spleen cells from the immunized mice by retroviral infection with ABL-MYC (psi 2) and intraperitoneally transplanted the infected cells into syngeneic Balb/c and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The plasmacytomas established ascitic tumors that produced antibodies directed against HTLV-II gp46-II. Ascites developed more rapidly in SCID mice than in normal syngeneic mice. This procedure provides a general means to generate antibodies rapidly.
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PMID:Rapid generation of antibodies against the HTLV-II external envelope protein by growth of mouse plasmacytomas in SCID mice. 855 76

The gene defective in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) encodes a novel protein kinase termed Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Whereas the XLA phenotype is confined to abnormalities of B-cell development and function, Btk is expressed not only in B-lymphocyte lineage but also in myeloid lineage cells. The first 450 basepairs of the Btk promoter fused to a luciferase gene displayed a similar cell-type specificity. Critical binding sites for the transcription factors PU.1 and Sp1 were identified in the proximal portion of the Btk promoter upstream of a cluster of transcriptional start sites. Mutation of either the PU.1 or Sp1 site markedly reduced the activity of a Btk promoter-luciferase reporter construct in transfection experiments. In addition, PU.1 directly transactivated the Btk promoter, and deletion of the PU.1 binding site abolished this effect. This study implicates PU.1 and Sp1 as major regulators of Btk expression and provides a foundation for further study of the regulation of this gene in XLA patients that lack Btk mRNA.
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PMID:Analysis of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene promoter reveals critical PU.1 and SP1 sites. 856 28

The 22nd chromosome is known mainly due to chromosome (Philadelphia) which is its derivative-a typical cytogenetic sign of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The molecular genetic finding in these patients is the fused gene which developed by combination of the 3' part of the oncogene ABL from chromosome 9 and 5' part of the gene which developed by combination of the 3' part of the oncogene ABL from chromosome 9 and 5' part of the BCR "gene". The product of the gene retains the original kinase activity (ABL) which is even higher. Detection of BCR/ABL is an important diagnostic aid whic makes it possible to investigate residual diseases in patients after intensive treatment and transplantation of bone marrow and early detection of possible relapses. Among locuses of the 22nd chromosome the author mentions also the locus of the second one of the light immunoglobulin chains-lambda, incl. some of its "related" genes, the group of crystalline locuses (CRYB), the locus of the beta-chain of the GM-CSF receptor, the myoglobin locus (MB) and finally locus NF2 of central neurofibromatosis-bilateral neurinoma of the acoustic nerve.
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PMID:[The human genome--chromosome 22]. 859 11


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