Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report detailed clinical and pathologic features of four cases of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ALK-DLBCL), a rare entity with only 29 currently reported cases. This study is the third largest of all reported series. Biopsies from four adult patients aged 41, 49, 53, and 71 years (three lymph nodes and one nasopharyngeal mass) exhibited immunoblastic/plasmablastic morphology. By immunohistochemistry and/or flow cytometry, they expressed cytoplasmic ALK-1, CD138, VS38 (3/3), monoclonal cytoplasmic light chain, CD45, EMA, CD4, and CD57 (2/3), and were negative for CD3, CD30, CD56, and TIA-1. Two showed variable CD79a expression, and one had rare CD20(+) cells. Two of three cases exhibited rare CD43(+) reactivity. One case showed scattered cytokeratin(+) cells, which could possibly lead to a misdiagnosis of carcinoma. After CHOP and radiotherapy, two stage I patients were free of disease at 58 and 36 months, whereas a stage IV patient was dead of disease at 22 months.
 ...
PMID:ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of four cases and review of the literature. 1727 65

The World Health Organization classification applies the term "pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor" to a histologically variegate set of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumors. However, often these lesions bear little resemblance to tumors of myofibroblastic origin. To elucidate histogenesis, we examined 18 cases from our institution files. The cases were stained with antibodies to smooth muscle actin (SMA), Factor XIIIa, CD3, CD20, CD68, S-100, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK-1), and human herpevirus-8 (HHV-8). The percentage of positive-staining cells within a defined tumor area (400,000 microm(2)) was determined by light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Ten cases (56%) showed myofibroblastic differentiation, as judged by positive SMA staining of spindle cells. All cases showed substantial numbers of CD68+, Factor XIIIa+, and S-100+ monocytoid cells. Fifty percent were ALK-1+, and one was HHV-8+. We conclude that the term "inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor" is a misnomer, as nearly half of cases show no myofibroblastic differentiation. Instead, the results suggest that these lesions are composed predominantly of cells of macrophage-dendritic cell lineage. Although the multiplicity of terms previously applied to these lesions is cumbersome, retaining a descriptive phenomenological terminology may ultimately promote accurate elucidation of pathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary "inflammatory myofibroblastic" tumors: a critical examination of the diagnostic category based on quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. 1737 57

Rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) is the first Food and Drug Administration approved antitumor antibody and is used in the treatment of B-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). It is used as single monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy and has improved the treatment outcome of patients with B-NHL. The in vivo mechanisms of rituximab-mediated antitumor effects include antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cell cytotoxicity (CDC), growth-inhibition and apoptosis. A subset of patients does not initially respond to rituximab and several responsive patients develop resistance to further rituximab treatment. The mechanism of rituximab unresponsiveness is not known. Besides the above-postulated mechanisms, rituximab has been shown to trigger the cells via CD-20. Studies performed with B-NHL cell lines as model systems revealed several novel mechanisms of rituximab-mediated effects that are involved in chemo/immunosensitization and the development of resistance to rituximab. Rituximab has been shown to inhibit the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and AKT antiapoptotic survival pathways, all of which result in upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten and Raf kinase inhibitor protein and in the downregulation of antiapoptotic gene products (particularly Bcl-2, Bcl-(xL) and Mcl-1), and resulting in chemo/immunosensitization. Further, rituximab treatment inhibits the overexpressed transcription repressor Yin Yang 1 (YY1), which negatively regulates Fas and DR5 expression and its inhibition leads to sensitization to Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. Rituximab-resistant clones were generated as model to examine the mechanism of in vivo rituximab unresponsiveness. These clones showed reduced expression of CD20 and hyperactivation of the above antiapoptotic signaling pathways and failure of rituximab to trigger the cells leading to inhibition of ADCC, CDC and chemo/immunosensitization. Interference with the hyperactivated pathways with various pharmacological and proteasome inhibitors reversed resistance. Furthermore, the above findings have identified several gene products that can serve as new prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers as well as targets for therapeutic intervention in B-NHL.
 ...
PMID:Rituximab-induced inhibition of antiapoptotic cell survival pathways: implications in chemo/immunoresistance, rituximab unresponsiveness, prognostic and novel therapeutic interventions. 1753 16

With good reason, the majority of cancer vaccines tested, or being tested, have targeted the induction of anti-tumour CTL responses. However, the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab/CD20, Trastuzumab/HER-2, Cetuximab/EGFR and Bevacisumab/VEGF suggests that their respective targets may also be relevant for cancer vaccines aiming at the induction of an effective humoral anti-tumour response to mimic, or potentially improve upon, the effects of monoclonal therapies. We report here an overview of the development of a protein vaccine targeting HER-2/neu, with an emphasis on the immunologic results obtained from the testing of the vaccine in animal models of disease and in toxicology programs, to its evaluation in three clinical trials in breast cancer patients.
 ...
PMID:Perspectives on the development of a therapeutic HER-2 cancer vaccine. 1763 57

Fluorescent molecules emitting in the near-infrared (NIR, wavelength approximately 0.8-2 microm) are relatively scarce and have been actively sought for biological applications because cells and tissues exhibit little auto-fluorescence in this region. Here, we report the use of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as near-infrared fluorescent tags for selective probing of cell surface receptors and cell imaging. Biologically inert SWNTs with polyethyleneglycol functionalization are conjugated to antibodies such as Rituxan to selectively recognize CD20 cell surface receptor on B-cells with little nonspecific binding to negative T-cells and Herceptin to recognize HER2/neu positive breast cancer cells. We image selective SWNT-antibody binding to cells by detecting the intrinsic NIR photoluminescence of nanotubes. We observe ultralow NIR autofluorescence for various cells, an advantageous feature over high autofluorescence and large variations between cells lines in the visible. This establishes SWNTs as novel NIR fluorophors for sensitive and selective biological detections and imaging in vitro and potentially in vivo. Further, our results clearly show that the interactions between carbon nanotubes and living cells are strongly dependent on surface functionalization of nanotubes.
 ...
PMID:Selective probing and imaging of cells with single walled carbon nanotubes as near-infrared fluorescent molecules. 1819 19

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK(+) DLBCL) is a rare variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with characteristic morphological, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features. Only 34 cases of ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have so far been reported in the literature. We examined three new cases, which showed similar characteristics to previously reported cases, but with peculiar nuclear-membrane staining for ALK protein in one patient and a 5'-ALK gene deletion in another. All of them had stage IV disease at initial presentation, with poor outcomes. The tumour cells showed immunoblastic/plasmablastic histology and were positive for ALK and Oct2, but negative for CD3, CD20, CD79a, CD30 and PAX5. The staining pattern of ALK protein was cytoplasmic in two patients and associated with the nuclear membrane in one patient. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the ALK break-apart probe revealed ALK gene rearrangements in all three patients, with a 5'-ALK gene deletion in one patient. These three cases suggest that different types of cytogenetic aberrations may involve the ALK gene in ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma leading to peculiar immunohistochemical staining patterns.
 ...
PMID:ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of three cases. 1822 Mar 22

V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells exert potent cytotoxicity toward various tumor cells and adoptive transfer of V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells is an attractive proposition for cell based immunotherapy. V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells expanded in the presence of Zoledronate and IL-2 express CD16 (Fc gamma RIII), which raises the possibility that V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells could be used in conjunction with tumor targeting monoclonal antibody drugs to increase antitumor cytotoxicity by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Cytotoxic activity against CD20-positive B lineage lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and HER2-positive breast cancer cells was assessed in the presence of rituximab and trastuzumab, respectively. Cytotoxicity of V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells against CD20-positive targets was higher when used in combination with rituximab. Similarly, V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells used in combination with trastuzumab resulted in greater cytotoxicity against HER2-positive cells in comparison with either agent alone and this effect was restricted to the CD16(+)V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cell population. Our results show that CD16(+)V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells recognize monoclonal antibody coated tumor cells via CD16 and exert ADCC similar to that observed with NK cells, even when target cells are relatively resistant to monoclonal antibodies or V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells alone. Combination therapy involving ex vivo expanded CD16(+)V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cells and monoclonal antibodies may enhance the clinical outcomes for patients treated with monoclonal antibody therapy.
 ...
PMID:V gamma 9 V delta 2 T cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells is enhanced by monoclonal antibody drugs--rituximab and trastuzumab. 1830 55

The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) path-way has been implicated in tumor B-cell survival, growth, and resistance to therapy. Because tumor cells overcome single-agent antitumor activity, we hypothesized that combination of agents that target differentially NF-kappaB pathway will induce significant cytotoxicity. Therapeutic agents that target proteasome and Akt pathways should induce significant activity in B-cell malignancies as both pathways impact NF-kappaB activity. We demonstrated that perifosine and bortezomib both targeted NF-kappaB through its recruitment to the promoter of its target gene IkappaB using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. This combination led to synergistic cytotoxicity in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) cells that was mediated through a combined reduction of the PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways, found to be critical for survival of WM cells. Moreover, a combination of these drugs with the CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab further increased their cytotoxic activity. Thus, effective WM therapy may require combination regimens targeting the NF-kappaB pathway.
 ...
PMID:Targeting NF-kappaB in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. 1833 73

Patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM) may acquire an associated hematologic non-mast cell (MC)-lineage disease (AHNMD). In most cases, a myeloid neoplasm is diagnosed, whereas the occurrence of a lymphoproliferative disease is an extremely rare event. We report on a patient with indolent SM associated with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). The patient presented with lymphadenopathy, maculopapular exanthema, and elevated serum tryptase. The bone marrow biopsy showed focal MC aggregates together with SLL. As assessed by immunostaining, neoplastic MC were found to exhibit CD117 and CD25 but did not display CD5 or CD20, whereas SLL cells were found to coexpress CD5 and CD20 but did not express MC antigens. The KIT mutation D816V was detected in sorted CD34(+) cells and unfractionated marrow cells but not in CD5(+) SLL cells, confirming the coexistence of 2 distinct neoplasms.
 ...
PMID:Indolent systemic mastocytosis associated with atypical small lymphocytic lymphoma: a rare form of concomitant lymphoproliferative disease. 1844 46

Here we report for the first time that proteins can function as unique reducing agents to produce gold nanoparticles from gold salts. We demonstrate that three different proteins, namely, bovine serum albumin (BSA), Rituximab (RIT--an anti-CD20 antibody) and Cetuximab (C225--anti-EGFR antibody), reduce gold salts to gold nanoparticles (GNP). Interestingly, among all the three proteins tested, only BSA can reduce gold salts to gold nanotriangles (GNT). BSA-induced formation of GNT can be controlled by carefully selecting the reaction condition. Heating or using excess of ascorbic acid (AA) as additional reducing agent shifts the reaction towards the formation of GNP with flower-like morphology, whereas slowing down the reaction either by cooling or by adding small amount of AA directs the synthesis towards GNT formation. GNT is formed only at pH 3; higher pHs (pH 7 and pH 10) did not produce any nanoparticles, suggesting the involvement of specific protein conformation in GNT formation. The nanomaterials formed by this method were characterized using UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This is an important finding that will have uses in various nanotechnological applications, particularly in the green synthesis of novel nanomaterials based on protein structure.
 ...
PMID:Protein-mediated autoreduction of gold salts to gold nanoparticles. 1868 31


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>