Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical research examining the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults is presented and critically evaluated in this systematic evidence-based review. Specific criteria were used for searching the published literature and for grading the quality and strength of the evidence and the strength of the treatment recommendations. Treatment recommendations based on the evidence are presented in Table 3, entitled Summary of Treatment Recommendations Made by the Expert Panel for Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, and were reached unanimously by a panel of AML experts. The identified priority areas of needed future research in adult AML include: (1) What is the role of HSCT in treating patients with specific molecular markers (eg, FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, BAALC, MLL, NRAS, etc.) especially in patients with normal cytogenetics? (2) What is the benefit of using HSCT to treat different cytogenetic subgroups? (3) What is the impact on survival outcomes of reduced intensity or nonmyeloablative versus conventional conditioning in older (>60 years) and intermediate (40-60 years) aged adults? (4) What is the impact on survival outcomes of unrelated donor HSCT vesus chemotherapy in younger (<40 years) adults with high risk disease?
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PMID:The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults: an evidence-based review. 1821 77

We investigated cup-like nuclear morphology of acute myeloid leukemia blasts in 266 randomly selected patients and its association with hematologic findings, disease markers and outcome data. Cup-like acute myeloid leukemia was diagnosed in 55 patients (21%). It was associated with female sex, high white blood cell and blast cell counts, normal karyotype, and low CD34 and HLA-DR expression. Mutations of FLT3, NPM1 or both were detected in 84.9% compared with 58.1% in cases without this morphology (p=0.001). There was no influence on response to treatment or survival. Therefore, cup-like nuclear morphology is an indicator of normal karyotype and should guide more specific molecular analyses.
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PMID:Cup-like acute myeloid leukemia: new disease or artificial phenomenon? 1822 89

Frameshift mutations of the nucleophosmin gene (NPM1) were recently reported as a frequently occurring abnormality in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To evaluate the frequency of NPM1 mutations in patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia (t-MDS) and therapy-related AML (t-AML), and their possible association to type of previous therapy and to other gene mutations, 140 patients with t-MDS or t-AML were analyzed for mutations of NPM1. NPM1 mutations were observed in 7 of 51 patients presenting as overt t-AML, as compared to only 3 of 89 patients presenting as t-MDS (P=0.037). The mutations were not related to any specific type of previous therapy, but they were significantly associated with a normal karyotype and mutations of FLT3 (P=0.0002 for both comparisons). Only 1 of 10 patients with NPM1 mutations presented chromosome aberrations characteristic of therapy-related disease, and 7q-/-7, the most frequent abnormalities of t-MDS/t-AML, were not observed (P=0.002). This raises the question whether some of the cases presenting NPM1 mutations were in fact cases of de novo leukemia. The close association to class I mutations and the inverse association to class II mutations suggest mutations of NPM1 as representing a class II mutation-like abnormality in AML.
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PMID:NPM1 mutations in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with uncharacteristic features. 1827 44

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of neoplastic disorders with great variability in clinical course and response to therapy, as well as in the genetic and molecular basis of the pathology. Major advances in the understanding of leukemogenesis have been made by the characterization and the study of acquired cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly reciprocal translocations observed in AML. Besides these major cytogenetic abnormalities, gene mutations also constitute key events in AML pathogenesis. In this review, we describe the contribution of known gene mutations to the understanding of AML pathogenesis and their clinical significance. To gain more insight in this understanding, we clustered these alterations in three groups: (1) mutations affecting genes that contribute to cell proliferation (FLT3, c-KIT, RAS, protein tyrosine standard phosphatase nonreceptor 11); (2) mutations affecting genes involved in myeloid differentiation (AML1 and CEBPA) and (3) mutations affecting genes implicated in cell cycle regulation or apoptosis (P53, NPM1). This nonexhaustive review aims to show how gene mutations interact with each other, how they contribute to refine prognosis and how they can be useful for risk-adapted therapeutic management of AML patients.
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PMID:Cooperating gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: a review of the literature. 1828 31

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carrying NPM1 mutations and cytoplasmic nucleophosmin (NPMc+ AML) accounts for about one-third of adult AML and shows distinct features, including a unique gene expression profile. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of 19-25 nucleotides in length that have been linked to the development of cancer. Here, we investigated the role of miRNAs in the biology of NPMc+ AML. The miRNA expression was evaluated in 85 adult de novo AML patients characterized for subcellular localization/mutation status of NPM1 and FLT3 mutations using a custom microarray platform. Data were analyzed by using univariate t test within BRB tools. We identified a strong miRNA signature that distinguishes NPMc+ mutated (n = 55) from the cytoplasmic-negative (NPM1 unmutated) cases (n = 30) and includes the up-regulation of miR-10a, miR-10b, several let-7 and miR-29 family members. Many of the down-regulated miRNAs including miR-204 and miR-128a are predicted to target several HOX genes. Indeed, we confirmed that miR-204 targets HOXA10 and MEIS1, suggesting that the HOX up-regulation observed in NPMc+ AML may be due in part by loss of HOX regulators-miRNAs. FLT3-ITD+ samples were characterized by up-regulation of miR-155. Further experiments demonstrated that the up-regulation of miR-155 was independent from FLT3 signaling. Our results identify a unique miRNA signature associated with NPMc+ AML and provide evidence that support a role for miRNAs in the regulation of HOX genes in this leukemia subtype. Moreover, we found that miR-155 was strongly but independently associated with FLT3-ITD mutations.
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PMID:Distinctive microRNA signature of acute myeloid leukemia bearing cytoplasmic mutated nucleophosmin. 1830 31

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly diverse disease characterized by various cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that show variable expression during myeloid differentiation. MicroRNA expression in marrow blasts in 215 cases of newly diagnosed and (cyto)genetically defined AML was assessed using quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 260 human microRNAs. In the same series, mRNA gene expression profiles were established, allowing a direct comparison between microRNA and mRNA expression. We show that microRNA expression profiling following unsupervised analysis reveals distinctive microRNA signatures that correlate with cytogenetic and molecular subtypes of AML (ie, AMLs with t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16), NPM1, and CEBPA mutations). Significantly differentially expressed microRNAs for genetic subtypes of AML were identified. Specific microRNAs with established oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions, such as microRNA-155, microRNA-21, and let-7, appear to be associated with particular subtypes. Combinations of selected sets of microRNAs could predict cytogenetically normal AML with mutations in the genes of NPM1 and CEBPA and FLT3-ITD with similar accuracy as mRNA probe set combinations defined by gene expression profiling. MicroRNA expression apparently bears specific relationships to the heterogeneous pathobiology of AML. Distinctive microRNA signatures appear of potential value in the clinical diagnosis of AML.
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PMID:MicroRNA expression profiling in relation to the genetic heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia. 1833 57

BAALC expression is considered an independent prognostic factor in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML), but has yet to be investigated together with multiple other established prognostic molecular markers in CN-AML. We analyzed BAALC expression in 172 primary CN-AML patients younger than 60 years of age, treated similarly on CALGB protocols. High BAALC expression was associated with FLT3-ITD (P = .04), wild-type NPM1 (P < .001), mutated CEBPA (P = .003), MLL-PTD (P = .009), absent FLT3-TKD (P = .005), and high ERG expression (P = .05). In multivariable analysis, high BAALC expression independently predicted lower complete remission rates (P = .04) when adjusting for ERG expression and age, and shorter survival (P = .04) when adjusting for FLT3-ITD, NPM1, CEBPA, and white blood cell count. A gene-expression signature of 312 probe sets differentiating high from low BAALC expressers was identified. High BAALC expression was associated with overexpression of genes involved in drug resistance (MDR1) and stem cell markers (CD133, CD34, KIT). Global microRNA-expression analysis did not reveal significant differences between BAALC expression groups. However, an analysis of microRNAs that putatively target BAALC revealed a potentially interesting inverse association between expression of miR-148a and BAALC. We conclude that high BAALC expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor and is associated with a specific gene-expression profile.
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PMID:High BAALC expression associates with other molecular prognostic markers, poor outcome, and a distinct gene-expression signature in cytogenetically normal patients younger than 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) study. 1837 53

Acute myeloid leukemia with mutated NPM1 gene and aberrant cytoplasmic expression of nucleophosmin (NPMc(+) acute myeloid leukemia) shows distinctive biological and clinical features. Experimental evidence of the oncogenic potential of the nucleophosmin mutant is, however, still lacking, and it is unclear whether other genetic lesion(s), e.g. FLT3 internal tandem duplication, cooperate with NPM1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia development. An analysis of age-specific incidence, together with mathematical modeling of acute myeloid leukemia epidemiology, can help to uncover the number of genetic events needed to cause leukemia. We collected data on age at diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia patients from five European Centers in Germany, The Netherlands and Italy, and determined the age-specific incidence of AML with mutated NPM1 (a total of 1,444 cases) for each country. Linear regression of the curves representing age-specific rates of diagnosis per year showed similar slopes of about 4 on a double logarithmic scale. We then adapted a previously designed mathematical model of hematopoietic tumorigenesis to analyze the age incidence of acute myeloid leukemia with mutated NPM1 and found that a one-mutation model can explain the incidence curve of this leukemia entity. This model fits with the hypothesis that NPMc(+) acute myeloid leukemia arises from an NPM1 mutation with haploinsufficiency of the wild-type NPM1 allele.
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PMID:A one-mutation mathematical model can explain the age incidence of acute myeloid leukemia with mutated nucleophosmin (NPM1). 1860 63

NPM1 mutations were investigated in 400 Southeast Asian leukemia patients and were detectable in 105 cases (26.25%) of acute myeloid leukemia but in no cases of acute lymphoid leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. Eight novel and 5 known mutations were identified. All predicted novel proteins shared the last five amino acids VSLRK with the similar gain of nuclear exporting signal motif as known variants. Older age, high white blood cell and platelet counts, normal cytogenetics, and CD34-negativity were associated with NPM1 mutation. FLT3 mutation was more frequent in mutant NPM1 than wild-type cases (56.8% vs. 25.6%) whereas RAS and AML1 mutations were rarely found. Overall survival analysis based on the NPM1/FLT3 mutational status revealed a better outcome for the NPM1-positive/FLT3-negative subgroup. We conclude that: i) NPM1 mutation represents a common genetic hallmark in Southeast Asian acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype; ii) NPM1 mutants coexisted mainly with FLT3 mutants, but not RAS or AML1; iii) FLT3 mutation had a negative prognostic impact on patients with mutant NPM1.
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PMID:Nucleophosmin mutation in Southeast Asian acute myeloid leukemia: eight novel variants, FLT3 coexistence and prognostic impact of NPM1/FLT3 mutations. 1864 Oct 25

In recent years, a number of somatically acquired mutational changes have been identified in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most of these genetic alterations occur in AML exhibiting a normal karyotype, representing the largest cytogenetic subgroup (40%-50%) of AML. These molecular findings not only provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of AML but also are of clinical importance. In this review we will discuss the most relevant gene alterations, including NPM1 gene mutations, internal tandem duplications (ITD) or tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations of the FLT3 gene, CEBPA gene mutations, and partial tandem duplications (PTD) of the MLL gene, as well as mutations in the NRAS and WT1 genes. In part, these gene mutations have emerged as important prognostic markers and they now allow us to dissect cytogenetically normal (CN)-AML in distinct prognostic subgroups. Furthermore, these mutant molecules represent potential targets for molecular therapies.
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PMID:Prognostic implications of gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics. 1869 85


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