Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This research compared independent ratings of criminal psychopathy (Hare's Psychopathy Checklist, Hare, 1991) from National Parole Board case files alone with ratings based upon file information plus a semi-structured interview. Notwithstanding high interrater reliability using National Parole Board (NPB) case files alone (n = 35), Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) scores had to be prorated because 30% of the items could not be scored. Comparisons between file only and independent file plus interview ratings of criminal psychopathy for a larger sample (N = 120) resulted in relatively low interrater reliability. Interrater agreement for ratings of psychopathy with and without an interview was statistically significant (p < .006), yet 40% of the cases received different diagnoses when the different procedures were used. Contrary to earlier findings (Wong, 1988), file only PCL-R ratings were not routinely an underestimate of file plus interview PCL-R ratings.
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PMID:Diagnosis of psychopathology with and without an interview. 831 39

The commercially available formulations of cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, CyA) are associated with acute hemodynamic changes that result in high nephrotoxicity. Among colloidal vectors, nanoparticles (NPs) are receiving much attention as potential drug carriers that would avoid the therapeutic risks of conventional formulations. Two different mechanisms for obtaining polymeric NPs loaded with CyA were studied with regard to their preparation and physicochemical characterization. Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate monomer (IBCA) was polymerized, whereas poly-E-caprolactone (PCL, a preformed polymer) was precipitated; both reactions took place in an aqueous medium containing Pluronic F-68 (polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene block copolymer) as a surface active agent. The encapsulation efficiencies were 78.49 +/- 5.87 and 84.85 +/- 5.02%, respectively, and they remained stable over a wide range of drug concentrations. The polymeric NP had average sizes of 81 +/- 25 and 95 +/- 25 nm for poly-IBCA and PCL, respectively, as confirmed by photon correlation spectroscopy. Poly-IBCA NPs were built from oligomers with molecular weights of 157 to 2644 that joined to form a polymeric nanomatrix. In vitro activity of the drug and the carrier was tested by inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation induced by Concanavalin A. Drug-loaded PCL NPs and free CyA inhibited lymphocyte proliferation by 91.40 and 86.19%, respectively. However, drug-free NPs also exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) immunosuppressive activity.
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PMID:Formation and characterization of cyclosporine-loaded nanoparticles. 836 Aug 26

Small-incision cataract surgery with scleral tunnel incision and one-stitch horizontal or sutureless wound closure has been found to be an effective way to reduce postoperative astigmatism and to guarantee greater stability of the wound with rapid visual rehabilitation. In some studies surgically induced astigmatism by different wound constructions and wound-closure techniques has been compared to determine the astigmatism induced. Different calculation methods were used leading to different results. Therefore, we evaluated the induced astigmatism in 50 patients operated on by scleral tunnel incision, phacoemulsification with PCL implantation and single-stitch wound closure. We analyzed induced astigmatism on the first postoperative day and 3 months postoperatively by different methods: the simple subtraction method (0.91 and 0.30 D), Naeser's polar value method (-0.74 and -0.75 D), the vector analysis method of Jaffe (2.53 and 1.19 D) and two calculations described by Cravy. Depending on the formula used, different results were obtained. The subtraction method disregards axis change and is less precise. The vector analysis methods obtain the highest values for induced astigmatism and seem to be the most precise for evaluating the real amount of induced postoperative astigmatism.
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PMID:[Calculating the induced, computerized tomography measured corneal astigmatism after cataract surgery with small incision technique and wound closure with single suture technique based on various mathematical models]. 837 28

The neurochemical organization of the basal ganglia has been studied extensively with respect to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and their receptors. The chemoarchitecture of the striatum has been found particularly striking, because it distinguishes many substances by their relative distributions within the striosome and matrix compartments of the striatum. Very little is yet known about the differential distribution of second messenger systems in the basal ganglia, however, and no information is available about whether the distribution of second messenger systems is related to the prominent neurochemical compartmentalization of the striatum. We have examined the distribution of the phosphoinositide second messenger system in the primate basal ganglia and substantia nigra, as detected with polyclonal antisera against the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and monoclonal antisera against phospholipase C beta (PLC beta) and phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma). In the striatum, immunostaining for each of the three proteins was present predominantly in medium-sized neuronal perikarya and in the neuropil. Circumscribed zones of enhanced IP3R, PLC beta, and PLC gamma immunoreactivity appeared in a background of generally weaker staining, and these zones corresponded to striosomes as identified by calbinidin D28k and substance P immunostaining in adjacent sections. Thus, the richest representation of the phosphoinositide system in the primate striatum appears to be in striosomes. In the substantia nigra pars compacta, neurons and neuropil were immunopositive, but in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and in each segment of the globus pallidus, immunostaining was mainly confined to the neuropil. Perikaryal PCL gamma immunoreactivity in the absence of detectable PLC beta or IP3R immunolabeling was found in the magnocellular neurons embedded in the medullary layer between the putamen and the globus pallidus. These observations demonstrate that the phosphoinositide second messenger system is selectively enhanced in neuronal subsystems of the basal ganglia, including striosomes, and suggest that signaling by phosphoinositide pathways elicits discrete effects on input-output processing by the basal ganglia.
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PMID:Phosphoinositide second messenger system is enriched in striosomes: immunohistochemical demonstration of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and phospholipase C beta and gamma in primate basal ganglia. 839 81

The logarithm of the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient value (log Poct) was compared with those from CHCl3-water (log PCL) and di-n-butyl ether-water (log PE) for (di)azines substituted singly by nonhydrogen-bonding and hydrogen-accepting substituents (2-substituted pyrazines, 2-substituted pyrimidines, 5-substituted pyrimidines, and 2-substituted pyridines). The difference between log Poct and log PCL for diazines was primarily governed by the number of hydrogen-bonding sites in the substituent. For 2-substituted pyridines, the difference in the hydrogen-bonding association of the ring N-atom with octanol from that with CHCl3 was also significant. In the relationship between log Poct and log PE, the hydrogen-bonding solvations of the ring N-atom(s), as well as the hydrogen-accepting substituent with octanol, should be taken into account because the butyl ether acts as a nonhydrogen-bonding solvent.
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PMID:Hydrophobicity parameter of diazines. III: Relationship of partition coefficients of monosubstituted diazines and pyridines in different partitioning systems. 844 28

To evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the exploration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient-knee, a total of twenty-five patients with chronic instability of the knee joint and who underwent both MRI and arthroscopy were studied prospectively. Twenty-three of these patients underwent an intra-articular reconstruction of the ACL with bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts. For the ACL lesions MRI had a sensitivity of 95.8%, a specificity of 100% and a diagnostic accuracy of 97.7%. Associated bowing of the PCL was seen in 20 cases of the study group. For the associated meniscal lesions MRI had a sensitivity of 77.7%, a specificity of 94.7% and a diagnostic accuracy of 91.5%. In no case did MRI allow to detect the minimal cartilage irregularities observed in the arthroscopy. MRI had great accuracy for the evaluation of the anchoring points, direction of the tunnels and the state of the autografts at intra-articular level. It is concluded that MRI is a useful imaging diagnostic modality for evaluation of the ACL deficient-knee and the intra-articular reconstruction of the ACL, thereby MRI affords the surgeon better preoperative planning.
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PMID:The value of MRI in the evaluation of the ACL deficient knee and in the post-operative evaluation after ACL reconstruction. 846 76

In order to increase the ocular absorption of carteolol, this antiglaucomatous drug was incorporated into either nanoparticles (NP) or nanocapsules (NC). The polymer used was poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL). The dosage forms were tested on intraocular hypertensive-induced rabbits. Results are presented as the chronological variations of the intraocular pressure (IOP) in comparison with the commercial aqueous solution (Carteol eye drops). The therapeutic results (decrease in IOP) were much more pronounced with carteolol incorporated into the colloidal carriers than with the commercial eye drops. Further, NC displayed a better effect than NP because the drug was entrapped in the oily core of the carrier, thus more readily available to the eye. The incorporation of the drug into nanocapsules produced a decline in the cardiovascular side effects in comparison with aqueous eye drops, thus showing that the undesired noncorneal absorption was reduced. In conclusion, colloidal suspension made of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) could offer a good opportunity for ophthalmic delivery of drugs.
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PMID:Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules in carteolol ophthalmic delivery. 846 11

The meniscofemoral ligaments (MFL) of 26 human cadaver knees were studied to determine their structural importance. The incidence of at least one MFL in each of the specimens studied was 100%, and 46% of the specimens had both MFL ligaments (Humphry and Wrisberg). Another 23% had a single Humphry ligament, and the remaining 31% had a single Wrisberg ligament. A laser micrometer system was used to measure cross-sectional shape and area. The average cross-sectional areas of the Humphry and Wrisberg ligaments were 7.8 +/- 4.7 mm2 and 6.7 +/- 4.1 mm2, respectively. In specimens with both a Humphry and Wrisberg ligament, the larger ligament area was on average 100% greater than the smaller ligament area. The average ratios of the cross sectional areas of Wrisberg and Humphry to that for the PCL within the same knee were 12.0% +/- 7.7% and 11.9% +/- 5.7%, respectively. The structural properties of the MFL bone-ligament-meniscus complex and the mechanical properties of the MFL midsubstance were determined by uniaxial tensile testing. The average stiffness, ultimate load, and energy absorbed at failure were, respectively, 49.0 +/- 18.4 N/mm, 297.4 +/- 141.4 N and 1125.4 +/- 735.8 N/mm. The tangent modulus between 4% and 7% strain was 355.1 +/- 234.0 MPa. Our findings suggest that the MFL is a significant biomechanical structure in the knee because of its size, stiffness, and strength.
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PMID:Anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of human meniscofemoral ligaments. 853 47

Diagnosis of life-threatening illness now meets Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for traumatic stressor exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Quality of life (QOL) and PTSD-like symptoms were assessed in 55 women posttreatment for breast cancer. PTSD symptom measures included the PTSD Checklist--Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the Impact of Events Scale. QOL was assessed using the 20-item Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire. PTSD symptomatology was negatively related to QOL, income, and age. Time since treatment, type of cytotoxic treatment, and stage of disease were unrelated to PTSD symptoms. With suggested criteria for the PCL-C, 5% to 10% of the sample would likely meet DSM-IV PTSD criteria. Findings suggest that in survivors of breast cancer, these symptoms might be fairly common, may exceed the base rate of these symptoms in the general population, are associated with reports of poorer QOL, and, therefore, warrant further research and clinical attention.
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PMID:Frequency and correlates of posttraumatic-stress-disorder-like symptoms after treatment for breast cancer. 854 20

Microspheres with an entrapped protein were prepared from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), and a novel ternary blend, comprising of high and low molecular weight PCL in combination with poloxamer 181, a triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide). The inclusion of low molecular weight PCL served to enhance phase mixing by a reduction in the molecular weight of the polymeric components. Encapsulation of the protein, bovine serum albumin, was possible using a water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Microspheres prepared from unblended PCL were irregular and porous in nature. The presence of surface imperfections and macroscopic pores was attributable to the high rate of crystallization of the PCL polymer from solution. The inclusion of poloxamer 181 into the matrix retarded the rate of crystallization of the PCL, thereby enhancing particulate sphericity and regularity. Manipulation of the process parameters of blended microspheres provided a means of controlling the particle size and the entrapment efficiency of the protein. The influence of variables such as protein to polymer ratio, internal phase volume and emulsifier concentration in both the internal and external aqueous phases, on the properties of the microspheres was investigated. A mean particle size ranging from 10 to 42 microns could be achieved by altering the internal phase volume of the primary emulsion, whilst a high protein entrapment (11% w/w) was possible with a protein to polymer ratio of 1:4. Native-PAGE analysis of the entrapped protein indicated a maintenance of bulk structural integrity.
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PMID:The microencapsulation of protein using a novel ternary blend based on poly(epsilon-caprolactone). 854 99


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