Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Flowering and reversion in Impatiens are characterised by gradual transitions of organ identity and constitute a unique system for the molecular and physiological study of floral organogenesis. The authors have isolated an Impatiens homologue of the FIM gene of Antirrhinum (UFO in Arabidopsis), Imp-FIM, and analysed its expression in three states of the terminal meristem: vegetative, floral, and reverted. In floral meristems, Imp-FIM transcription is associated with petal identity, as in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis, but this is achieved through a novel transcription pattern, characterised by a high level of transcript within petal primordia. This novel transcription pattern could contribute to the more diffuse boundaries between organ types in Impatiens. In vegetative meristems, Imp-FIM is expressed in the axils of leaf primordia which are arranged in a spiral. A similar pattern is observed in reverted meristems in which leaf primordia are initiated in a whorled arrangement. This result indicates that the maintenance of floral phyllotaxis is not associated with a specific pattern of Imp-FIM transcription. Transcription of Imp-FIM in a non-reverting line is no different from that in the reverting line. Therefore, the lack of floral commitment in the reverting line does not seem to be responsible for Imp-FIM transcription within petals. The novel transcription pattern in petals, together with features of Impatiens that are reminiscent of fim and ufo mutant phenotypes suggest an evolutionary divergence for Imp-FIM regulation in this species.
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PMID:Transcription pattern of a FIM homologue in Impatiens during floral development and reversion. 962 19

The initial identification of GAS6 as a protein expressed in response to growth arrest suggested that it might function as a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Since the transforming activity of the GAS6 receptor (AXL/UFO) was documented, GAS6 might stimulate rather than inhibit proliferation. In order to detect aberrant expression of GAS6 we examined gene expression in 46 cell lines of precursor B-, B- and T-cell origin as well as from Hodgkin's disease and cell lines established from various myeloproliferative disorders. In our study, the expression of GAS6 reveals a constitutive transcriptional activation in 8/46 cases of proliferating cell lines. The GAS6 mRNA expression could be shown in 4/22 cell lines of the lymphoid arm and in 4/17 of the myeloid lineages of the hematopoietic system. No transcripts could be detected in the CD30+ Hodgkin and anaplastic large cell lymphomas (0/7). Interestingly, the steady state mRNA levels showed neglectable GAS6 expression in precursor B and B-cell lines (1/9), but could be detected in terminally differentiated plasma cell lines (4/4). The predominantly GAS6-expressing cell lines of non-lymphoid origin have been established from acute myeloid leukemias of the M4 subtype (3/4). In order to demonstrate evidence for an autocrine regulation of growth in permanent hematopoietic cell lines, we measured the GAS6 expression in cell lines with strong positivity for the AXL/UFO receptor mRNA. Constitutive basal levels of GAS6 mRNA and protein expression could be only detected in 3/23 AXL/UFO expressing cell lines. Although a general mechanism seems most unlikely, further studies are necessary to demonstrate the involvement of GAS6 in single cases of disordered growth or chemotaxis/adhesion of leukemia and lymphomas.
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PMID:Expression of the growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) in leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. 1040 Jan 86

We have used a modified differential display PCR protocol for isolating 3' restriction fragments of cDNAs specifically expressed or overexpressed in metastatic prostate carcinoma cell line DU145. Several cDNA fragments were identified that matched to milk fat globule protein, UFO/Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, human homologue of a Xenopus maternal transcript, laminin and laminin receptor, human carcinoma-associated antigen, and some expressed sequence tags. The transcript for milk fat globule protein, a marker protein shown to be overexpressed in breast tumors, was elevated in DU145 cells. The expression of UFO/Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, was considerably higher in DU145 cells as compared to normal prostate cells and prostatic carcinoma cell line PC-3. The overexpression of UFO oncogene in DU145 cells is discussed in the context of prostate cancer metastasis.
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PMID:A receptor tyrosine kinase, UFO/Axl, and other genes isolated by a modified differential display PCR are overexpressed in metastatic prostatic carcinoma cell line DU145. 1040 4

Normal flower development likely requires both specific and general regulators. We have isolated an Arabidopsis mutant ask1-1 (for -Arabidopsis skp1-like1-1), which exhibits defects in both vegetative and reproductive development. In the ask1-1mutant, rosette leaf growth is reduced, resulting in smaller than normal rosette leaves, and internodes in the floral stem are shorter than normal. Examination of cell sizes in these organs indicates that cell expansion is normal in the mutant, but cell number is reduced. In the mutant, the numbers of petals and stamens are reduced, and many flowers have one or more petals with a reduced size. In addition, all mutant flowers have short stamen filaments. Furthermore, petal/stamen chimeric organs are found in many flowers. These results indicate that the ASK1 gene affects the size of vegetative and floral organs. The ask1 floral phenotype resembles somewhat that of the Arabidopsis ufo mutants in that both genes affect whorls 2 and 3. We therefore tested for possible interactions between ASK1 and UFO by analyzing the phenotypes of ufo-2 ask1-1 double mutant plants. In these plants, vegetative development is similar to that of the ask1-1 single mutant, whereas the floral defects are more severe than those in either single mutant. Interior to the first whorl, the double mutant flowers have more sepals or sepal-like organs than are found in ufo-2, and less petals than ask1-1. Our results suggest that ASK1 interacts with UFO to control floral organ identity in whorls 2 and 3. This is very intriguing because ASK1 is very similar in sequence to the yeast SKP1 protein and UFO contains an F-box, a motif known to interact with SKP1 in yeast. Although the precise mechanism of ASK1 and UFO action is unknown, our results support the hypothesis that these two proteins physically interact in vivo.
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PMID:The ASK1 gene regulates development and interacts with the UFO gene to control floral organ identity in Arabidopsis. 1052 62

Fusion of tumorigenic HeLa cells with human skin fibroblasts results in chromosomally stable hybrids that are nontumorigenic and no longer express the HeLa tumor-associated marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Previous studies of spontaneous tumorigenic segregants from the nontumorigenic hybrids implicated the loss of one copy of human fibroblast chromosome 11 in the concomitant reexpression of tumorigenicity. In an attempt to identify genes involved in the control of tumorigenic expression, we performed differential display screening of nontumorigenic hybrid cells and tumorigenic segregants. Subsequent northern blot analyses reproducibly showed 17 differentially expressed genes, eight of which were expressed differentially in the nontumorigenic hybrids and nine of which were expressed differentially in the tumorigenic hybrids. The former were genes for 80K-L protein (a substrate of protein kinase C), AXL/UFO (a receptor tyrosine kinase), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, apolipoprotein AI regulatory protein, collagen type I alpha-2 chain, transforming growth factor-beta-induced gene product 3 (BIGH3), pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein, and fibroblast activation protein alpha. The latter nine genes were genes for serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK; a serine/threonine protein kinase), PTPCAAX1 (a tyrosine phosphatase), CXCR-4 (a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor), L-kynurenine hydrolase, beta-1, 4-galactosyltransferase, keratin 8, keratin 17, and H19 and a novel gene. The differential expression of these genes provided several interesting candidates for regulation of tumorigenic expression, including those involved in signal transduction and the extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal proteins, cell-surface enzyme, and the H19 gene.
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PMID:Differential gene expression in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic HeLa x normal human fibroblast hybrid cells. 1056 6

The lore surrounding the mythical Witches' Sabbat and contemporary reports of UFO abductions share three main characteristics: the use of masks, the appearance of "Men in Black," and references to flight and abduction. We review these three commonalities with particular focus on the aspect of flight and abduction. We argue that narratives of the Witches' Sabbat and UFO abductions share the same basic structure, common symbolism, and serve the same psychological needs of providing a coherent explanation for anomalous (ambiguous) experiences while simultaneously giving the experient a sense of freedom, release, and escape from the self. This pattern of similarities suggests the possibility that UFO abductions are a modern version of tales of flight to the Sabbat.
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PMID:Flight and abduction in witchcraft and UFO lore. 1084 Sep 26

A new hybrid organic-inorganic mixed-valent uranium oxyfluoride, (C6N2H14)2(U3O4F12), UFO-17, has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using uranium dioxide as the uranium source, hydrofluoric acid as mineralizer, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane as template. The single-crystal X-ray structure was determined. Crystals of UFO-17 belonged to the orthorhombic space group Cmcm (no. 63), with a = 14.2660(15) A, b = 24.5130(10) A, c = 7.201(2) A, and Z = 4. The structure reveals parallel uranium-containing chains of two types: one type is composed of edge-sharing UO2F5 units; the other has a backbone of edge-sharing UF8 units, each sharing an edge with a pendant UO2F5 unit. Bond-valence calculations suggest the UF8 groups contain UIV, while the UO2F5 groups contain UVI. EXAFS data give results consistent with the single-crystal X-ray structure determination, while comparison of the uranium LIII-edge XANES of UFO-17 with that of related UIV and UVI compounds supports the oxidation-state assignment. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements on UFO-17 and a range of related hybrid organic-inorganic uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) fluorides and oxyfluorides further support the formulation of UFO-17 as a mixed-valent UIV/UVI compound.
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PMID:Hydrothermal synthesis of (C6N2H14)2(UVI2UIVO4F12), a mixed-valent one-dimensional uranium oxyfluoride. 1119 71

Specific protein degradation has been observed in several aspects of development and differentiation in many organisms. One example of such proteolysis is regulated by protein polyubiquitination that is promoted by the SCF complex consisting of Skp1, cullin, and an F-box protein. We examined the activities of the Arabidopsis Skp1-related proteins (ASKs). Among 19 annotated ASK genes, we isolated 16 of the corresponding cDNAs (ASK1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19), and examined their gene products for interactions with 24 representatives of F-box proteins carrying various classes of the C-terminal domains using the yeast two-hybrid system. As a result, we found diverse binding specificities: ASK1, ASK2, ASK11 and ASK12 interacted well with COI1, FKF1, UFO-like protein, LRR-containing F-box proteins, and other F-box proteins with unknown C-terminal motifs. We also observed specific interaction between F-box proteins and ASK3, ASK9, ASK13, ASK14, ASK16 and ASK18. In contrast, we detected no interaction between any of the 12 ASK proteins and F-box proteins containing CRFA, CRFB or CRFC domains. Both histochemical and RT-PCR analysis of eight ASK genes expression revealed unique expression patterns for the respective genes.
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PMID:Expression and interaction analysis of Arabidopsis Skp1-related genes. 1474 89

The AXL/UFO family of tyrosine kinases is characterized by a common N-CAM (neural adhesion molecule)-related extracellular domain and a common ligand, GAS6 (growth arrest-specific protein 6). Family members are prone to transcriptional regulation and carry out diverse functions including the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, and survival. In this report, we describe a new role of MER/N-CAM-related kinase (NYK), a member of the AXL family of kinases, in the up-regulation of chemokines in prostate cancer cells. We show that NYK has elevated expression in a subset of tumor specimens and prostate cancer cell lines. Activation of NYK in the prostate cancer cell line DU145 does not cause a mitogenic effect; instead, it causes a differentiation phenotype. Microarray analysis revealed that NYK is a strong inducer of endocrine factors including interleukin (IL)-8 and several other angiogenic CXC chemokines as well as bone morphogenic factors. The dramatic increase of IL-8 expression is seen at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The downstream signals engaged by NYK were characterized, and those responsible for the up-regulation of IL-8 transcription were defined. In contrast to IL-1alpha, NYK-induced up-regulation of IL-8 in DU145 depends on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/Jun/Fos pathway, but not phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB. These data define a new function of the AXL family of kinases and suggest a potential role of NYK in prostate cancer progression.
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PMID:Signal pathways in up-regulation of chemokines by tyrosine kinase MER/NYK in prostate cancer cells. 1549 51

Recent research progress on regulation network and biological roles of LFY gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and its homologue genes in floral development are reviewed emphatically in the present paper. LFY gene expresses widely in both vegetative and reproductive tissues in different higher plants, therefore investigation on role of LFY gene on flowering is of general significance. LFY gene plays an important role to promote flower formation by interaction and coordination with other genes,such as TFL, EMF, AP1, AP2, CAL, FWA, FT, AP3, PI, AG, UFO, CO, LD, GA1 etc, and a critical level of LFY expression is essential. LFY gene not only controls flowering-time and floral transition,but also plays an important role in inflorescence and floral organ development. It was situated at the central site in gene network of flowering regulation,positively or negatively regulates the level or activities of flowering-related genes. Some physiological factors, such as carbon sources, phytohormones, affect directly or indirectly the expression and actions of LFY gene. This indicates that level of LFY expression can also be regulated with physiological methods. It is probable that we can explain the principal mechanism of flowering by regulation network of LFY gene.
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PMID:[Regulation network and biological roles of LEAFY in Arabidopsis thaliana in floral development]. 1562 83


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