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People sometimes fantasize entire complex scenarios and later define these experiences as memories of actual events rather than as imaginings. This article examines research associated with three such phenomena: past-life experiences, UFO alien contact and abduction, and memory reports of childhood ritual satanic abuse. In each case, elicitation of the fantasy events is frequently associated with hypnotic procedures and structured interviews which provide strong and repeated demands for the requisite experiences, and which then legitimate the experiences as "real memories." Research associated with these phenomena supports the hypothesis that recall is reconstructive and organized in terms of current expectations and beliefs.
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PMID:Past-life identities, UFO abductions, and satanic ritual abuse: the social construction of memories. 796 Feb 96

Ss who reported UFO experiences were divided into those whose experiences were nonintense (e.g., seeing lights and shapes in the sky) and those whose experiences were intense (e.g., seeing and communicating with aliens or missing time). On a battery of objective tests Ss in these 2 groups did not score as more psychopathological, less intelligent, or more fantasy prone and hypnotizable than a community comparison group or a student comparison group. However, Ss in the UFO groups believed more strongly in space alien visitation than did comparison Ss. The UFO experiences of Ss in the intense group were more frequently sleep-related than the experiences of Ss in the nonintense group. Among the combined UFO Ss, intensity of UFO experiences correlated significantly with inventories that assessed proneness toward fantasy and unusual sensory experiences. Implications are discussed.
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PMID:Close encounters: an examination of UFO experiences. 828 33

Using a DNA transfection-tumorigenicity assay we have recently identified the UFO oncogene. It encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor characterized by the juxtaposition of two immunoglobulin-like and two fibronectin type III repeats in its extracellular domain. Here we describe the genomic organization of the human UFO locus. The UFO receptor is encoded by 20 exons that are distributed over a region of 44 kb. Different isoforms of UFO mRNA are generated by alternative splicing of exon 10 and differential usage of two imperfect polyadenylation sites resulting in the presence or absence of 1.5-kb 3' untranslated sequences. Primer extension and S1 nuclease analyses revealed multiple transcriptional initiation sites including a major site 169 bp upstream of the translation start site. The promoter region is GC rich, lacks TATA and CAAT boxes, but contains potential recognition sites for a variety of trans-acting factors, including Sp1, AP-2 and the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein. Proto-UFO and its oncogenic counterpart exhibit identical cDNA and promoter regions sequences. Possible modes of UFO activation are discussed.
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PMID:The genomic structure of the human UFO receptor. 838 Dec 25

The unusual floral organs (ufo) mutant of Arabidopsis has flowers with variable homeotic organ transformations and inflorescence-like characteristics. To determine the relationship between UFO and previously characterized meristem and organ identity genes, we cloned UFO and determined its expression pattern. The UFO gene shows extensive homology with FIMBRIATA (FIM), a gene mediating between meristem and organ identity genes in Antirrhinum. All three UFO mutant alleles that we sequenced are predicted to produce truncated proteins. UFO transcripts were first detected in early floral meristems, before organ identity genes had been activated. At later developmental stages, UFO expression is restricted to the junction between sepal and petal primordia. Phenotypic, genetic, and expression pattern comparisons between UFO and FIM suggest that they are cognate homologs and play a similar role in mediating between meristem and organ identity genes. However, some differences in the functions and genetic interactions of UFO and FIM were apparent, indicating that changes in partially redundant pathways have occurred during the evolutionary divergence of Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum.
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PMID:Parallels between UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS and FIMBRIATA, genes controlling flower development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. 858 30

In most mammals studied, a substantial numbers of preimplantation embryos are believed to be lost in vivo. In vitro, embryos develop slowly and lose viability. Hence, there is a need to assess the extent and cause of embryonic loss both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we assessed the quality of in vivo produced ovulation products/embryos, recovered on days 1-5 pregnancy, from naturally bred wistar rats. From day 1 pregnant rats (n = 24), 226 ovulation products were recovered which included 52% (117) unfertilized oocytes and empty zonae with/without cell debris (UFO-EZ:CD) and 48% (109) 1-cells. Flushings of day 2 rats (n = 27) contained 229 ovulation products, consisting of 70% (160) 2-cells and 30% (69) UFO-EZ:CD. Flushings of day 3 rats (n = 27) had 23% (56) 2-cells, 6% (15) 3-cells, 23% (57) 4-cells, 1% (2) 5-7 cells, 2% (5) 8-cells and 45% (112) UFO-EZ:CD, total being 247. Flushings of day 4 rats (n = 28) had 193 ovulation products comprising of one morula, 45% (86) 8-cells, 5% (9) 5-7-cells and the rest were 4-cells (2), 3-cells (2), 2-cells (1) and 48% (92) UFO-EZ:CD. Day 5 flushings (n = 27) had 202 ovulation products which included 13% (27) morulae, 17% (34) early, 36% (73) mid and 2% (5) late blastocysts; additionally, 4-cells (1), 8-cells (2) and 30% (60) UFO-EZ:CD were also recovered. On day 4, embryos (8-cells) migrated from the oviduct to the uterus. When pregnant rats (n = 25) were allowed to term, only 15 females (60%) delivered pups (128) with variable litter size (2-12). These results indicate that 56% (619/1097) of recovered rat preimplantation embryos are of expected developmental age with a mixture of asynchronously cleaving embryos. The remaining 44% (478) is comprised of 38% (417) UFO-EZ:CD and 6% (61) abnormal and developmentally retarded embryos, which are unlikely to produce viable pups at term.
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PMID:Assessment of developmental retardation and abnormality of in vivo produced preimplantation embryos in rat. 871 73

The receptor tyrosine kinase Dtk/Tyro 3/Sky/rse/brt/tif is a member of a new subfamily of receptors that also includes Axl/Ufo/Ark and Eyk/Mer. These receptors are characterized by the presence of two immunoglobulin-like loops and two fibronectin type III repeats in their extracellular domains. The structure of the murine Dtk gene has been determined. The gene consists of 21 exons that are distributed over 21 kb of genomic DNA. An isoform of Dtk is generated by differential splicing of exons from the 5' region of the gene. The overall genomic structure of Dtk is virtually identical to that determined for the human UFO gene. This particular genomic organization is likely to have been duplicated and closely maintained throughout evolution.
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PMID:Analysis of the murine Dtk gene identifies conservation of genomic structure within a new receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. 880 74

The receptor tyrosine kinase ARK (also called AXL or UFO) is the murine prototype of a small family of receptors with an extracellular domain resembling cell adhesion molecules and a conserved tyrosine kinase domain. ARK is capable of homophilic binding, as well as of binding of GAS6, a secreted member of the class of vitamin K dependent proteins whose expression is up-regulated in growth-arrested cells. To gain understanding of the physiological role of ARK signaling, we have investigated the ARK forms which are expressed by cells in culture as well as by mouse organs. We found that ARK is not only expressed as a transmembrane protein, but is also cleaved in the extracellular domain to generate a soluble ARK form of about 65 kDa, which is easily detected in conditioned media of ARK expressing cells, in serum and plasma and in mouse organs. Soluble ARK is also produced by tumor cells in vivo. The function of these molecules could be that of binding GAS6, thereby inhibiting the interaction of this ligand with its cell-associated receptor, or they could be involved in binding to ARK itself.
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PMID:Cleavage and release of a soluble form of the receptor tyrosine kinase ARK in vitro and in vivo. 881 29

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play an important role in the signal transduction of normal and malignant cells. There are different families of RTKs which are mainly characterized by differences in the ligang-binding extracellular domains. Axl (or UFO/Ark) is the first member of a new class of RTK with two fibronectin type III domains and two immunoglobulin-like domains present at the extracellular domain. The axl-gene has been isolated by means of gene transfection studies using DNA of patients with chronic myelogeneous leukemia. For a previous and the present study, we used a sensitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay to detect axl's mRNA in cells from normal and malignant hematopoietic tissue. Axl's mRNA expression was mainly detected in myelo-monocytic cells, whereas much weaker transcription was seen in lymphatic cells and in lymphatic leukemias. In normal bone marrow, axl was heavily transcribed in marrow stromal cells. Further, we analysed Axl protein expression using monoclonal antibody M50 in peripheral stem cell harvests; in most harvests, no co-expression of CD34 and Axl was detected. However, in one patient with AML in complete remission, Axl was co-expressed on 80% of the CD34-positive population. These data show that axl is preferentially expressed in monocytes and stromal cells. Furthermore, a fraction of CD34-positive progenitor cells may express Axl. The exact mechanism for transformation of myeloid progenitor cells through Axl, however, remains to be determined.
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PMID:Recent progress on the role of Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, in malignant transformation of myeloid leukemias. 913 Jun 17

DNA differential display analysis (DD-PCR) was utilized to identify genes that are expressed in airway epithelium and are relevant to airway inflammation; cytokine-mediated induction of gene expression and inhibition of that induction by glucocorticoids were the criteria for selection. The IB3-1 cell line was cultured in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), dexamethasone, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a control, and analyzed via DD-PCR and Northern blot analyses. With this approach, two TNF-alpha-inducible and dexamethasone (DEX)-sensitive expressed sequence tags (EST8 and EST19) were identified. In IB3-1 cells, TNF-alpha increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of EST8 (34%, P < or = 0.005) and EST19 (41%, P < or = 0.01), whereas dexamethasone reduced this expression to resting levels. This pattern of mRNA expression was also observed in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (EST8: 21%, P < or = 0.009; EST19: 11%, P < or = 0.02) and in the basophil leukemia cell line KU812 (EST8: 34%, P < or = 0.01). Through basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis, it was determined that these ESTs exhibited significant homology with the monomeric G protein rhoC (EST8: 100% homology, P = 1.6 x 10(-100)) and the UFO tyrosine kinase receptor (EST19: 86% homology, 5.3 x 10(-28).
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PMID:Identification of novel inducible genes in airway epithelium. 922 16

In a screen to identify novel genes required for early Arabidopsis flower development, we isolated four independent mutations that enhance the Ufo phenotype toward the production of filamentous structures in place of flowers. The mutants fall into three complementation groups, which we have termed FUSED FLORAL ORGANS (FFO) loci. ffo mutants have specific defects in floral organ separation and/or positioning; thus, the FFO genes identify components of a boundary formation mechanism(s) acting between developing floral organ primordia. FFO1 and FFO3 have specific functions in cauline leaf/stem separation and in first- and third-whorl floral organ separation, with FFO3 likely acting to establish and FFO1 to maintain floral organ boundaries. FFO2 acts at early floral stages to regulate floral organ number and positioning and to control organ separation within and between whorls. Plants doubly mutant for two ffo alleles display additive phenotypes, indicating that the FFO genes may act in separate pathways. Plants doubly mutant for an ffo gene and for ufo, lfy, or clv3 reveal that the FFO genes play roles related to those of UFO and LFY in floral meristem initiation and that FFO2 and FFO3 may act to control cell proliferation late in inflorescence development.
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PMID:A genetic screen for modifiers of UFO meristem activity identifies three novel FUSED FLORAL ORGANS genes required for early flower development in Arabidopsis. 961 Nov 75


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