Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alteration of the TAL1 gene is the most common genetic lesion found in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. TAL1 encodes phosphoproteins, pp42TAL1 and pp22TAL1, that represent phosphorylated versions of the full-length (residues 1 to 331) and truncated (residues 176 to 331) TAL1 gene products, respectively. Both proteins contain the basic helix-loop-helix motif, a DNA-binding and protein dimerization motif common to several known transcriptional regulatory factors. We now report that serine residue 122 (S122) is a major phosphorylation site of pp42TAL1 in leukemic cell lines and transfected COS1 cells. In vivo phosphorylation of S122 is induced by epidermal growth factor with a rapid time course that parallels activation of the ERK/MAP2 protein kinases. Moreover, S122 is readily phosphorylated in vitro by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase ERK1. These data suggest that TAL1 residue S122 serves as an in vivo substrate for ERK/MAP2 kinases such as ERK1. Therefore, S122 phosphorylation may provide a mechanism whereby the properties of TAL1 polypeptides can be modulated by extracellular stimuli.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of the TAL1 oncoprotein by the extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase ERK1. 842 3

An acquired chromosomal translocation, t(8;13)(p11;q11-12), observed in a distinctive type of stem cell leukemia/lymphoma syndrome, leads to the fusion of the 5' portion of ZNF198 and the 3' portion of FGFR1. ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion transcripts encode 4 to 10 zinc fingers, a proline-rich region, and the intracellular portion of the FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) receptor tyrosine kinase. We demonstrate that the ZNF198 proline-rich region constitutes a novel self-association domain. When fused to the intracellular domain of FGFR1, the ZNF198 proline-rich region is sufficient to cause oligomerization, FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activation, and transformation of Ba/F3 cells to IL-3 independent growth. (Blood. 2000;96:699-704)
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PMID:ZNF198-FGFR1 transforming activity depends on a novel proline-rich ZNF198 oligomerization domain. 1088 37

Several recurrent translocations that involve chromosome band 8p11 have been described in myeloid malignancies. These translocations target two distinct genes: (1) FGFR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase for fibroblast growth factors, and (2) MOZ, a putative histone acetyltransferase whose precise function remains to be defined. Disruption of FGFR1 is associated with a disease entity known as the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS)/stem cell leukemia-lymphoma syndrome, a chronic myeloproliferative disorder that frequently presents with eosinophilia and associated T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. The disease is aggressive and rapidly transforms to acute leukaemia, usually of myeloid phenotype. Currently, only allogeneic stem cell transplantation appears to be effective in eradicating or suppressing the malignant clone. To date, four gene fusions associated with distinct translocations have been described in EMS: the t(8;13)(p11;q12), t(8;9)(p11;q33), t(6;8)(q27;p11) and t(8;22)(p11q22) fuse ZNF198, CEP110, FOP and BCR, respectively, to FGFR1. The resulting fusion proteins have constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and activate multiple signal transduction pathways. These pathways and the fusion proteins are attractive targets for targeted signal transduction therapy.
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PMID:The 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome: a distinct clinical entity caused by constitutive activation of FGFR1. 1191 91

One of the most serious consequences of cytotoxic cancer therapy is the development of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML), a neoplastic disorder arising from a multipotential hematopoietic stem cell. To gain insights into the molecular basis of this disease, we performed gene expression profiling of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells from t-AML patients. Our analysis revealed that there are distinct subtypes of t-AML that have a characteristic gene expression pattern. Common to each of the subgroups are gene expression patterns typical of arrested differentiation in early progenitor cells. Leukemias with a -5/del(5q) have a higher expression of genes involved in cell cycle control (CCNA2, CCNE2, CDC2), checkpoints (BUB1), or growth (MYC), and loss of expression of the gene encoding IFN consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP). A second subgroup of t-AML is characterized by down-regulation of transcription factors involved in early hematopoiesis (TAL1, GATA1, and EKLF) and overexpression of proteins involved in signaling pathways in myeloid cells (FLT3) and cell survival (BCL2). Establishing the molecular pathways involved in t-AML may facilitate the identification of selectively expressed genes that can be exploited for the development of urgently needed targeted therapies.
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PMID:Expression profiling of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells reveals distinct subtypes of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. 1241 57

Combinations of hematopoietic cytokines and the ventral mesoderm inducer BMP-4 have recently been shown to augment hematopoietic cell fate of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) during embryoid body (EB) development. However, factors capable of regulating lineage commitment of hESC-derived hematopoiesis have yet to be reported. Here we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A165) selectively promotes erythropoietic development from hESCs. Effects of VEGF-A165 were dependent on the presence of hematopoietic cytokines and BMP-4, and could be augmented by addition of erythropoietin (EPO). Treatment of human EBs with VEGF-A165 increased the frequency of cells coexpressing CD34 and the VEGF-A165 receptor KDR, as well as cells expressing erythroid markers. Although fetal/adult globins were unaffected, VEGF-A165 induced the expression of embryonic zeta (zeta) and epsilon (epsilon) globins, and was accompanied by expression of the hematopoietic transcription factor SCL/Tal-1. In addition to promoting erythropoietic differentiation from hESCs, the presence of VEGF-A165 enhanced the in vitro self-renewal potential of primitive hematopoietic cells capable of erythroid progenitor capacity. Our study demonstrates a role for VEGF-A165 during erythropoiesis of differentiating hESCs, thereby providing the first evidence for a factor capable of regulating hematopoietic lineage development of hESCs.
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PMID:VEGF-A165 augments erythropoietic development from human embryonic stem cells. 1465 83

Human stem cell leukemia-lymphoma syndrome usually presents itself as a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) that evolves to acute myeloid leukemia and/or lymphoma. The syndrome associated with t(8;13)(p11;q12) results in expression of the ZNF198-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1 fusion tyrosine kinase. Current empirically derived cytotoxic chemotherapy is inadequate for treatment of this disease. We hypothesized that small-molecule inhibitors of the ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion would have therapeutic efficacy. We characterized the transforming activity of ZNF198-FGFR1 in hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo. Expression of ZNF198-FGFR1 in primary murine hematopoietic cells caused a myeloproliferative syndrome in mice that recapitulated the human MPD phenotype. Transformation in these assays, and activation of the downstream effector molecules PLC-gamma, STAT5, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT, required the proline-rich domains, but not the ZNF domains, of ZNF198. A small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PKC412 (N-benzoyl-staurosporine) effectively inhibited ZNF198-FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activity and activation of downstream effector pathways, and inhibited proliferation of ZNF198-FGFR1 transformed Ba/F3 cells. Furthermore, treatment with PKC412 resulted in statistically significant prolongation of survival in the murine model of ZNF198-FGFR1-induced MPD. Based in part on these data, PKC412 was administered to a patient with t(8;13)(p11;q12) and was efficacious in treatment of progressive myeloproliferative disorder with organomegaly. Therefore, PKC412 may be a useful therapy for treatment of human stem cell leukemia-lymphoma syndrome.
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PMID:PKC412 inhibits the zinc finger 198-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 fusion tyrosine kinase and is active in treatment of stem cell myeloproliferative disorder. 1544 5

The study of the cascade of events of induction and sequential gene activation that takes place during human embryonic development is hindered by the unavailability of postimplantation embryos at different stages of development. Spontaneous differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can occur by means of the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs), which resemble certain aspects of early embryos to some extent. Embryonic vascular formation, vasculogenesis, is a sequential process that involves complex regulatory cascades. In this study, changes of gene expression along the development of human EBs for 4 weeks were studied by large-scale gene screening. Two main clusters were identified-one of down-regulated genes such as POU5, NANOG, TDGF1/Cripto (TDGF, teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor-1), LIN28, CD24, TERF1 (telomeric repeat binding factor-1), LEFTB (left-right determination, factor B), and a second of up-regulated genes such as TWIST, WNT5A, WT1, AFP, ALB, NCAM1. Focusing on the vascular system development, genes known to be involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis were explored. Up-regulated genes include vasculogenic growth factors such as VEGFA, VEGFC, FIGF (VEGFD), ANG1, ANG2, TGFbeta3, and PDGFB, as well as the related receptors FLT1, FLT4, PDGFRB, TGFbetaR2, and TGFbetaR3, other markers such as CD34, VCAM1, PECAM1, VE-CAD, and transcription factors TAL1, GATA2, and GATA3. The reproducibility of the array data was verified independently and illustrated that many genes known to be involved in vascular development are activated during the differentiation of hESCs in culture. Hence, the analysis of the vascular system can be extended to other differentiation pathways, allocating human EBs as an in vitro model to study early human development.
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PMID:Vascular gene expression and phenotypic correlation during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. 1561 75

The 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) also known as stem cell leukemia-lymphoma syndrome (SCLL) is associated with translocations that disrupt FGFR1. The resultant fusion proteins are constitutively active tyrosine kinases, and different FGFR1 fusions are associated with subtly different disease phenotypes. We report here a patient with a t(8;17)(p11;q23) and an unusual myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease (MDS/MPD) characterized by thrombocytopenia due to markedly reduced size and numbers of megakaryocytes, with elevated numbers of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. A novel mRNA fusion between exon 32 of the myosin XVIIIA gene (MYO18A) at chromosome band 17q11 and exon 9 of FGFR1 was identified. Partial characterization of the genomic breakpoints in combination of bubble-PCR with fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the t(8;17) arose from a three-way translocation with breaks at 8p11, 17q11 and 17q23. MYO18A-FGFR1 is structurally similar to other fusion tyrosine kinases and is likely to be the causative transforming lesion in this unusual MDS/MPD.
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PMID:The t(8;17)(p11;q23) in the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome fuses MYO18A to FGFR1. 1580 Jun 73

Therapy-related myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is a distinctive clinical syndrome occurring after exposure to chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT). We studied 306 consecutive patients referred to the University of Chicago with cytogenetic analyses. Since 1972, 141 males and 165 females with a median age of 51 years (range: 3-83 years) at primary diagnosis and 58 years (range: 6-86 years) at secondary diagnosis were analyzed. Patients had received various cytotoxic agents including alkylating agents (240 patients, 78%) and topoisomerase II inhibitors (115 patients, 39%). One hundred and twenty-one (40%) had received CT alone, 43 (14%) had received RT alone, and 139 (45%) had received both modalities. At diagnosis of t-AML, 282 (92%) had clonal abnormalities involving chromosome 5 (n=63), chromosome 7 (n=85), both chromosomes 5 and 7 (n=66), recurring balanced rearrangements (n=31), or other clonal abnormalities (n=39); 24 had a normal karyotype. Abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 accounted for 76% of all cases with an abnormal karyotype. Seventeen patients had developed t-AML after autologous stem cell transplantation, but no unique pattern of cytogenetic abnormalities was observed. Patients presenting with acute leukemia were more likely to have a balanced rearrangement than those presenting with myelodysplasia (28% versus 4%, p<0.0001). Shorter latency was observed for patients with balanced rearrangements (median: 28 months versus 67 months; p<0.0001). Median survival after diagnosis of t-AML was 8 months; survival at 5 years was less than 10%. To gain insights into the molecular basis of this disease, we performed gene expression profiling of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells from t-AML patients. We found distinct subtypes of t-AML that have characteristic gene expression patterns. Common to each of the subgroups are gene expression patterns typical of arrested differentiation in early progenitor cells. Leukemias with a -5/del(5q) have a higher expression of genes involved in cell cycle control (CCNA2, CCNE2, CDC2), checkpoints (BUB1), or growth (MYC), and loss of expression of the gene encoding interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP). A second subgroup of t-AML is characterized by down-regulation of transcription factors involved in early hematopoiesis (TAL1, GATA1, and EKLF) and overexpression of proteins involved in signaling pathways in myeloid cells (FLT3) and cell survival (BCL2). Establishing the molecular pathways involved in t-AML may facilitate the identification of selectively expressed genes that can be exploited for the development of targeted therapies.
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PMID:Therapy-related myeloid leukaemia: a model for leukemogenesis in humans. 1593 16

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells randomly differentiate into multiple cell types during embryoid body (EB) development and limited studies have focused on directed hematopoietic differentiation. Here, we report that the treatment of hES cells during EBs development with a combination of low dose hematopoietic cytokines, including stem cell factor (SCF), Flt-3 ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs), generated cell clusters that contained 8.81% KDR-positive hemangioblasts, 9.94% CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells and 25.7% CD45-positive mature hematopoietic cells, and expressed hematopoietic genes such as KDR, stem cell leukemia (scl) and runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1). We provide the first evidence for the role of the cytokine-hBMSCs combination in promoting hematopoietic differentiation of hES cells, and thus provide the potential for generation of hematopoietic cells, as well as for understanding early developmental events that govern the initiation of hematopoiesis in humans.
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PMID:In vitro hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells induced by co-culture with human bone marrow stromal cells and low dose cytokines. 1595 Apr 98


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