Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Possible prognostic utility of CD44 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prompted a comparison of its expression in primary and metastatic RCC. A total of 164 paraffin-embedded tissues of primary RCC and metastatic RCCs from 125 patients were immunostained with CD44 (standard form) antibody. It consisted of 86 primary RCCs (50 with subsequent metastasis [MET+] and 36 with no known metastasis [MET-]) during follow up and 78 metastatic RCCs (39 metastatic RCCs only and 39 with matched RCC primary from RCC MET + category). Immunoreactivity for CD44 was scored semiquantitatively as 0, 1, or 2 (0, <5%; 1, 5-50%; 2, > or =50%). Expression of CD44 was significantly higher in metastatic RCCs compared to primary RCCs (p = 0.036). CD44 immunoreactivity in the primary RCC (MET- and MET+) correlated with progression-free survival (p = 0.027). In metastatic RCCs, CD44 immunoreactivity also correlated with survival after detection of first metastasis (p = 0.011). In multivariate analysis, stage (p = 0.0001) and CD44 immunoreactivity (p = 0.03) in primary RCC were independent predictors of progression-free survival. Our study suggests that CD44 status in RCC provides useful prognostic information both in primary and metastatic RCCs and may have applicability in stratifying patients for therapeutic decisions.
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PMID:Prognostic role of CD44 cell adhesion molecule expression in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 125 cases. 1802 89

CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, are emerging as promising targets for modulating growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in several human cancers. Indeed, blocking the receptor is sufficient to prevent metastasis and angiogenesis in experimental breast cancer xenografts. Recently, the biological effect of the CXCR4 in pancreatic cancer, one of the most deadly neoplastic diseases, has been reported. However, the molecular mechanism by which CXCR4 contributes to these properties is not completely understood. In this paper, we characterize the signaling pathways activated by CXCR4 in pancreatic cancer. We show that after CXCR4 activation, EGFR becomes tyrosine phosphorylated, and the kinase activity of this receptor, together with the activation of MMPs, Src, and PI3-Kinase, is required for CXCR4-mediated ERK activation. Analysis of this cascade in pancreatic cancer cells revealed that the ERK-mediated pathway regulates genes involved in angiogenesis, such as VEGF, CD44, HIF1alpha, and IL-8. Furthermore, ERK blockage inhibits the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells induced by CXCL12. Considering that inhibitors for several components of this pathway, including CXCR4 itself, are at different stages of clinical trials, this study provides theoretical justification for the clinical testing of these drugs in pancreatic cancer, thus extending the list of potential targets for treating this dismal disease.
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PMID:Characterization of the CXCR4 signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. 1817 25

There is a great unmet medical need in the area of cancer treatment. A potential therapeutic target for intervention in cancer is ADAM10. ADAM10 is a disintegrin-metalloproteinase that processes membrane bound proteins from the cell surface to yield soluble forms. Pharmaceutical companies are actively seeking out inhibitors of ADAM10 for treatments in cancer as the enzyme is known to release the ErbB receptor, HER2/ErbB2 from the cell membrane, an event that is necessary for HER2 positive tumor cells to proliferate. ADAM10 is also capable of processing betacellulin indicating that an inhibitor could be used against EGFR/ErbB1 and/or HER4/ErbB4 receptor positive tumor cells that are betacellulin-dependent. ADAM10 is the principle sheddase for several other molecules associated with cancer proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration such as Notch, E-cadherin, CD44 and L1 adhesion molecule indicating that targeting ADAM10 with specific inhibitors could be beneficial.
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PMID:ADAM10 as a target for anti-cancer therapy. 1828 51

Effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) on allergic inflammation were investigated. HA exerted negative effects on beta-hexoaminidase secretion and histamine release in antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL2H3) cells. HA inhibited interaction between IgE and FcepsilonRI and between FcepsilonRI and PKCdelta. HA inhibited CD44 interaction with PKCalpha, indicating that HA targets CD44. PKCalpha and -delta were responsible for increased Rac1 activity and expression of p47(phox), p67(phox). HA inhibited phosphorylation of PKCalpha and -delta. Rac1 was responsible for increased ROS, and NADPH oxidase was the main source for ROS. The inhibition of PKC prevented antigen from increasing phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK. ERK, p38 MAPK, and ROS, were responsible for secretion of beta-hexosaminidase, histamine release, and induction of chemokines. HA suppressed induction of chemokines, such as MIP-2 and Sprr-2a. CD44 mediated effect of antigen on phosphorylation of ERK, p38MAPK, ROS production, secretion of beta-hexosaminidase, and histamine release. GPCR did not mediate allergic function of antigen or affect anti-allergic function of HA. In vivo anti-allergic effect of HA was investigated using Nc/Nga mice model of DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis. HA reduced skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice treated with DNFB, decreased expression levels of MIP-2, Sprr-2a, and serum IgE level. In conclusion, hyaluronic acid exerts negative effect on allergic inflammation by targeting CD44 and inhibiting FcepsilonRI signaling.
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PMID:Hyaluronic acid targets CD44 and inhibits FcepsilonRI signaling involving PKCdelta, Rac1, ROS, and MAPK to exert anti-allergic effect. 1828 79

The results of the present study revealed for the first time the possibility to use a combination of mitoxantrone with gefitinib and cyclopamine for inhibiting the growth of epidermal growth factor (EGF), sonic hedgehog- (SHHNp), and serum-stimulated androgen-sensitive LNCaP-C33 and androgen-independent (AI) LNCaP-C81, DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer (PC) cells. The supra-additive anti-proliferative effects of drugs were mediated via a blockade of the PC3 cells in the G(1) and G(2)M phases of the cell cycle. Importantly, the combination of mitoxantrone plus gefitinib and/or cyclopamine also caused a higher rate of apoptotic death of PC cells including enriched fraction of CD44(high) PC3 cell subpopulation as compared to the individual agents or bi-combination of drugs. The cytotoxic effects induced by mitoxantrone, gefitinib and cyclopamine on PC3 cells appear to be at least partly mediated through the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, hydrogen peroxide production and activation of caspase cascades. These findings indicate that the simultaneous blockade of EGF-EGFR and sonic hedgehog tumorigenic signaling cascades may represent a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of current mitoxantrone-based therapies against incurable AI and metastatic PCs in the clinics.
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PMID:Improvement of cytotoxic effects induced by mitoxantrone on hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer cells by co-targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and hedgehog signaling cascades. 1836 71

Naturally occurring liver disease in dogs resemble human liver disease in great detail; including the activation of liver progenitor cells (LPC) in acute and chronic liver disease. The aim of the present study was to isolate, culture, and characterize progenitor cells derived from healthy mature dog livers. A nonparenchymal cell fraction enriched with small hepatocytes was isolated and cultured in Hepatozyme-serum-free media (SFM) to stimulate the growth of colony-forming small epithelial cells. After 2 weeks of culturing, clonal expansion of keratin 7 (K7) immunopositive small cells with a large nucleus/cytoplasm ratio emerged in the hepatocyte monolayer. These colonies expressed genes of several hepatocyte (CYP1A1, ALB, and KRT18), cholangiocyte/LPC (KRT7 and KRT19), and progenitor cell markers (alpha-fetoprotein, CD44, prominin1, KIT, THY1, and neural cell adhesion molecule 1), indicating their immature and bipotential nature. Gene-expression profiles indicated a more pronounced hepatic differentiation in Hepatozyme-SFM compared to William's Medium E (WME). Furthermore, colony-forming cells differentiated toward intermediate hepatocyte-like cells with a more pronounced membranous K7 immunostaining. In conclusion, colony-forming small epithelial cells in long-term canine liver cell cultures express LPC markers and have differentiating capacities. These cells may therefore be considered as progenitor cells of the liver.
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PMID:In vitro differentiation of liver progenitor cells derived from healthy dog livers. 1845 98

The successful differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to fibrochondrocyte-like cells and characterization of these differentiated cells is a critical step toward tissue engineering of musculoskeletal fibrocartilages (e.g., knee meniscus, temporomandibular joint disc, and intervertebral disc). In this study, growth factors and primary cell cocultures were applied to hESC embryoid bodies (EBs) for 3 weeks and evaluated for their effect on the synthesis of critical fibrocartilage matrix components: glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagens (types I, II, and VI). Changes in surface markers (CD105, CD44, SSEA, PDGFR alpha) after the differentiation treatments were also analyzed. The study was conducted in three phases: (1) examination of growth factors (TGF-beta 3, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, PDGF-BB, sonic hedgehog protein); (2) comparison of two cocultures (primary chondrocytes or fibrochondrocytes); and (3) the combination of the most effective growth factor and coculture regimen. TGF-beta 3 with BMP-4 yielded EBs positive for collagens I, II, and VI, with up to 6.7- and 4.8-fold increases in GAG and collagen, respectively. Analysis of cell surface markers showed a significant increase in CD44 with the TGF-beta 3 + BMP-4 treatment compared to the controls. Coculture with fibrochondrocytes resulted in up to a 9.8-fold increase in collagen II production. The combination of the growth factors BMP-4 + TGF-beta 3 with the fibrochondrocyte coculture led to an increase in cell proliferation and GAG production compared to either treatment alone. This study determined two powerful treatments for inducing fibrocartilaginous differentiation of hESCs and provides a foundation for using flow cytometry to purify these differentiated cells.
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PMID:Fibrochondrogenesis of hESCs: growth factor combinations and cocultures. 1845 97

The plant Geum japonicum Thunberg (GjT) has been used as a diuretic in traditional medicine. Herein, we report that the GjT extract blocks both the spread of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on matrigel and the migration of B16 cells. We used various assays to test for cell attachment, spreading, wound healing and angiogenesis. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) assay were also carried out for the mechanistic study of GjT. Our results showed that a fraction of methylene chloride fraction from GjT inhibited B16 cells during cell attachment and migration and suppressed tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. An RT-PCR analysis showed that the methylene chloride extract decreased the mRNA expression of CD44 and TIMP-2. A Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation of MAPK kinases (ERK, JNK and p38) showed that the GjT fraction increased the expression of phospho-JNK, suggesting that GjT has the potential to alleviate metastatic and angiogenic activity, via a phospho-JNK signaling pathway.
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PMID:A fraction of methylene chloride from Geum japonicum Thunberg inhibits tumor metastatic and angiogenic potential. 1849 43

Neural stem (NS) cell lines may be derived via differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells or from foetal forebrain. However, because NS cells arise in vitro from heterogeneous populations their immediate cellular origin remains unclear. We used microarray-based expression profiling to identify a set of markers expressed by mouse NS cells but not ES cells. One differentially expressed gene encodes the cell surface protein, CD44. CD44 expression is activated by FGF-2 in a subset of cells in both differentiating ES cells and foetal forebrain cultures. Following isolation by flow cytometry the CD44+ population was found to be highly enriched for NS cell founders. We found that other NS cell marker genes are also induced by FGF in culture, including: Adam12, Cadherin20, Cx3cl1, EGFR, Frizzled9, Kitl, Olig1, Olig2 and Vav3. We speculate that the self-renewing NS cell state may be generated in vitro following transcriptional resetting induced by FGF.
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PMID:Fibroblast growth factor induces a neural stem cell phenotype in foetal forebrain progenitors and during embryonic stem cell differentiation. 1850 36

WNT family members are secreted-type glycoproteins to orchestrate embryogenesis, to maintain homeostasis, and to induce pathological conditions. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, and ROR2 are transmembrane receptors transducing WNT signals based on ligand-dependent preferentiality for caveolin- or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. WNT signals are transduced to canonical pathway for cell fate determination, and to non-canonical pathways for regulation of planar cell polarity, cell adhesion, and motility. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 and Glucagon are target genes of canonical WNT signaling cascade, while CD44, Vimentin and STX5 are target genes of non-canonical WNT signaling cascades. However, target genes of WNT signaling cascades are determined in a context-dependent manner due to expression profile of transcription factors and epigenetic status. WNT signaling cascades network with Notch, FGF, BMP and Hedgehog signaling cascades to regulate the balance of stem cells and progenitor cells. Here WNT signaling in embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and intestinal stem cells will be reviewed. WNT3, WNT5A and WNT10B are expressed in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells, while WNT6, WNT8B and WNT10B in endoderm precursor cells. Wnt6 is expressed in intestinal crypt region for stem or progenitor cells. TNF/alpha-WNT10B signaling is a negative feedback loop to maintain homeostasis of adipose tissue and gastrointestinal mucosa with chronic inflammation. Recombinant WNT protein or WNT mimetic (circular peptide, small molecule compound, or RNA aptamer) in combination with Notch mimetic, FGF protein, and BMP protein opens a new window to tissue engineering for regenerative medicine.
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PMID:WNT signaling in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. 1867 42


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