Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ingested l-arginine, l-citrulline, and antioxidants (vitamins C and E) on the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. The fatty diet caused a marked impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in isolated thoracic aorta and blood flow in rabbit ear artery in vivo, the development of atheromatous lesions and increased superoxide anion production in thoracic aorta, and increased oxidation-sensitive gene expression [Elk-1 and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein]. Rabbits were treated orally for 12 weeks with l-arginine, l-citrulline, and/or antioxidants. l-arginine plus l-citrulline, either alone or in combination with antioxidants, caused a marked improvement in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and blood flow, dramatic regression in atheromatous lesions, and decrease in superoxide production and oxidation-sensitive gene expression. These therapeutic effects were associated with concomitant increases in aortic endothelial NO synthase expression and plasma NO(2)(-)+NO(3)(-) and cGMP levels. These observations indicate that ingestion of certain NO-boosting substances, including l-arginine, l-citrulline, and antioxidants, can abrogate the state of oxidative stress and reverse the progression of atherosclerosis. This approach may have clinical utility in the treatment of atherosclerosis in humans.
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PMID:l-Citrulline and l-arginine supplementation retards the progression of high-cholesterol-diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. 1615 83

Growth factors are known to play diverse roles in steroidogenesis, a process regulated by the mitochondrial steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. The mechanism of action of one such growth factor, IGF-I, was investigated in mouse Leydig tumor (mLTC-1) cells to determine its potential role in the regulation of StAR expression. mLTC-1 cells treated with IGF-I demonstrated temporal and concentration-dependent increases in StAR expression and steroid synthesis. However, IGF-I had no effect on cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage or 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase protein levels. IGF-I was capable of augmenting N,O'-dibutyrl-cAMP-stimulated steroidogenic responsiveness in these cells. The steroidogenic potential of IGF-I was also confirmed in primary cultures of isolated mouse Leydig cells. IGF-I increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, an event inhibited by the MAPK/ERK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK activity enhanced IGF-I-mediated StAR protein expression, but phosphorylation of StAR was undetectable, an observation in contrast to that seen with N,O'-dibutyrl-cAMP signaling. Further studies demonstrated that these events were tightly correlated with the expression of dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1 and scavenger receptor class B type 1. Whereas both protein kinase A and protein kinase C signaling were involved in the IGF-I-mediated steroidogenic response, the majority of the effects of IGF-I were found to be mediated by the protein kinase C pathway. Transcriptional activation of the StAR gene by IGF-I was influenced by several transcription factors, its up-regulation being dependent on phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the activator protein 1 family member, c-Jun. Conversely, StAR gene transcription was markedly inhibited by expression of nonphosphorylatable CREB (Ser(133)Ala), dominant negative A-CREB, and dominant negative c-Jun (TAM-67) mutants. Collectively, the present studies identify molecular events in IGF-I signaling that may influence testicular growth, development, and the Leydig cell steroidogenic machinery through autocrine/paracrine regulation.
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PMID:Molecular mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor-I mediated regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in mouse leydig cells. 1616 97

VIP exerts a spectrum of effects as a potent anti-inflammatory factor. In addition, VIP increases expression of MUC2, a major intestinal secretory mucin. We therefore investigated the effects of VIP on the promoter activity of the 5'-flanking region of the MUC2 gene. VIP activated MUC2 transcription in human colonic epithelial cells via cAMP signaling to ERK and p38. cAMP/Epac/Rap1/B-Raf signaling was not involved in MUC2 reporter activation. Furthermore, activation of MUC2 transcription was independent of many of the reported downstream effectors of G protein-coupled receptors, such as PKC, Ras, Raf, Src, calcium, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. VIP induced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/ATF1 phosphorylation, and this was prevented by treatment with inhibitors of either MEK or p38 and by PKA and MSK1 inhibitor H89. CREB/ATF1 and c-Jun were shown to bind to an oligonucleotide encompassing a distal, conserved CREB/AP1 site in the 5'-flanking region of the MUC2 gene, and this cis element was shown to mediate promoter reporter activation by VIP. This study has identified a new, functional cis element within the MUC2 promoter and also a new pathway regulating MUC2 expression, thus providing further insight into the molecular mechanism of VIP action in the colon. These findings are relevant to the normal biology of the colonic mucosa as well as to the development of VIP as a therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide upregulates MUC2 intestinal mucin via CREB/ATF1. 1622 28

Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for normal regulation of cell growth and differentiation. We have shown that the retinol metabolite retinoic acid (RA) induces mucous cell differentiation of normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells. However, early biological effects of RA in the differentiation of bronchial epithelia are largely unknown. Here, we showed that RA rapidly activated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). However, RA did not use the conventional retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) to activate CREB. RA activated CREB in NHTBE and H1734 cells in which RARs/RXR were silenced with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting RAR/RXR expression or deactivated by antagonist. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2) blocked the RA-mediated activation of CREB. In addition, depletion of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) via siRSK1/2 completely abolished the activation, suggesting that PKC, ERK, and RSK are required for the activation. Altogether, this study provides the first evidence that RA rapidly activates CREB transcription factor via PKC, ERK, and RSK in a retinoid receptor-independent manner in normal bronchial epithelial cells. This noncanonical RA signaling pathway may play an important role in mediating early biological effects in the mucociliary differentiation of bronchial epithelia.
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PMID:Nonclassical action of retinoic acid on the activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. 1628 Mar 61

Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. Expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is regulated at the transcriptional level by extracellular signalling molecules, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and glucocorticoids. We have analysed the stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in noradrenergic locus coeruleus-like CATH.a cells and observed a striking enhancement of the transcriptional activation potential of the ternary complex factor Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1), a key transcriptional regulator of serum response element-driven gene transcription. Likewise, TPA strongly up-regulated the biosynthesis of the transcription factor Egr-1 via distal serum response elements within the Egr-1 5'-flanking region. Subsequently, enhancement of the transcriptional activation potential of Egr-1 was observed. Overexpression of Egr-1 was sufficient to activate transcription of a tyrosine hydroxylase promoter/reporter gene, corroborating the view that the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is a target gene of Egr-1. Expression of dominant-negative mutants of Elk-1 or Egr-1 impaired TPA-induced stimulation of a tyrosine hydroxylase promoter/reporter gene transcription. In contrast, dominant-negative mutants of the transcription factors activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, ATF4, cAMP response element-binding protein, c-Jun and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) did not change TPA-induced tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity, indicating that these proteins are not part of the TPA-mediated signalling cascade directed towards the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
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PMID:Up-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate is mediated by the transcription factors Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) and Egr-1. 1651 41

The objective of the study was to identify the functional outcome of intracellular versus extracellular angiotensin II-AT(1) receptor interactions in vascular cells. Rat vascular smooth muscle cell line A10 was transfected, independently and concurrently, with plasmids encoding fluorescent fusion proteins of rat angiotensin II (pECFP/AII, encodes AII fused downstream of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein) and the rat AT(1a) receptor (pAT(1)R/EYFP, encodes the rat AT(1a) receptor fused upstream of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein). The AII fluorescent fusion protein possesses no secretory signal peptide and deconvolution microscopy established that is maintained within these cells predominantly in the nucleus. AT(1)R/EYFP was absent from the nucleus when expressed exclusively or in untreated cells but accumulated in the nucleus following exogenous AII treatment or when co-expressed with ECFP/AII. Furthermore, expression of ECFP/AII stimulated proliferation of A10 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 1.6-fold (P < 0.05). Transfection of a control, pECFP/AII(C) (which encodes a scrambled AII peptide fused to ECFP) had no growth effect. In light of the intracellular growth effects of ECFP/AII, we sought to elucidate the underlying signaling pathways. We found that extracellular AII treatment of A10 cells activated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) as determined by one-hybrid assays and immunoblots. Expression of intracellular ECFP/AII similarly activated CREB. However, intracellular and extracellular AII activated CREB through different phosphorylation pathways. Exogenous AII treatment of A10 cells activated p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation as determined by Western blot analyses and one-hybrid assays. The p38MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, and the ERK kinase inhibitor, PD98059 each partially inhibited exogenous AII-conferred CREB activation confirming that p38MAPK and ERK1/2 mediate CREB phosphorylation in this system. In contrast, expression of ECFP/AII (intracellular AII) in A10 VSMCs activated p38MAPK but not ERK1/2; inhibition of p38MAPK by SB203580 inhibited intracellular AII-induced CREB phosphorylation. In summary, extracellular AII stimulates at least one pathway common to intracellular AII. This common pathway, in the case of exogenous AII, likely reflects intracellular signaling following internalization of receptor-ligand complex. Extracellular AII also stimulates a unique pathway, apparently reflecting interaction with plasma membrane-associated AT(1)R.
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PMID:Nuclear accumulation of the AT1 receptor in a rat vascular smooth muscle cell line: effects upon signal transduction and cellular proliferation. 1651 13

In neurons, L-type calcium channels (CaV1.2 and CaV1.3) regulate an extensive range of functions. However, the roles of CaV1.3-containing L channels, which are physiologically and pharmacologically distinct from the better understood CaV1.2 channels, are only beginning to be determined. We find that CaV1.3 channels are modulated by the insulin-like growth factor-1/receptor tyrosine kinase (IGF-1/RTK) through a signaling pathway that involves phospholipase C, calcium release from IP3-sensitive internal stores, and calcium/calmodulin kinase II. In addition, we find that the IGF-1-induced modulation requires phosphorylation of a specific serine residue, S1486, in the EF hand motif of the CaV1.3 subunit. This modulation alters CaV1.3 activity, causing a left shift in the current-voltage relationship and strongly potentiating peak currents at hyperpolarized membrane potentials. We also find that CaV1.3 channels and their RTK-dependent potentiation contribute to the regulation of the survival-promoting transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB): in both cortical and hippocampal neurons, depolarization and IGF-1 rapidly increase phospho-CREB levels in a manner that requires CaV1.3 activity and the S1486 phosphorylation site to achieve a full effect. Although the full effects of CaV1.3 channels remain to be determined, their preferential localization to dendritic shafts and spine heads coupled with their ability to activate at relatively hyperpolarized and even subthreshold potentials suggests that CaV1.3 activity may subserve different cellular functions from CaV1.2 and, in particular, may be important in transducing signals initiated by excitatory neurotransmission.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-1 modulation of CaV1.3 calcium channels depends on Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive stores and calcium/calmodulin kinase II phosphorylation of the alpha1 subunit EF hand. 1676 33

Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its potent agonist exendin-4 induce several immediate early response genes (IEGs) that code for transcription factors implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We recently observed that early growth response factor-1 (EGR-1), an IEG product, was required for transcriptional activation of Ccnd1 (cyclin D1) gene by exendin-4. Herein, the regulatory mechanism whereby exendin-4 activates the transcription of EGR-1 gene was investigated in the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1. Deletion analysis of rat EGR-1 promoter identified a critical region between -73 and -46 for the activation of EGR-1 in response to exendin-4. Mutation of the proximal putative cAMP response element (CRE, 5'-GTACGTCA-3') located at -69 resulted in a significant decrease in the EGR-1 transcription, whereas the mutation of the distal putative CRE at -139 was without such an effect. In immune supershift assays using exendin-4-treated cells, binding of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylated on Ser(133) to the proximal CRE was increased. Employment of a CREB mutant containing Ala substitution at Ser(133) or a dominant negative CREB mutant that inhibits the binding of endogenous CREB to DNA significantly decreased the exendin-4-induced EGR-1 transcription. In experiments using specific protein kinase inhibitors, the effect of H-89 was more prominent than PD-98059, indicating the predominance of the PKA signaling over the MEK/ERK in induction of EGR-1. Therefore, it appears that the proximal CRE site is critical and the binding with CREB phosphorylated on Ser(133) is necessary for induction of the EGR-1 transcription by exendin-4.
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PMID:Proximal cyclic AMP response element is essential for exendin-4 induction of rat EGR-1 gene. 1692 76

Small molecules that activate signaling pathways used by neurotrophic factors could be useful for treating CNS disorders. Here we show that the flavonoid fisetin activates ERK and induces cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices, facilitates long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices, and enhances object recognition in mice. Together, these data demonstrate that the natural product fisetin can facilitate long-term memory, and therefore it may be useful for treating patients with memory disorders.
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PMID:Flavonoid fisetin promotes ERK-dependent long-term potentiation and enhances memory. 1705 Jun 81

A new pathway of testosterone (T) action in Sertoli cells was recently identified that may be required to support spermatozoa production (spermatogenesis) and fertility. Specifically, T acts via the androgen receptor (AR) to rapidly activate the MAPK cascade and the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcription factor in Sertoli cells. In further characterizing the signaling pathway that transduces T actions, we now find that a population of AR is localized to the plasma membrane and that AR associates with Src kinase after T stimulation. In addition, we demonstrate that Src kinase is activated by T and that Src kinase activity is required for stimulation of the ERK MAPK and CREB. Furthermore, we determine that activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor downstream of Src contributes to the activation of the MAPK cascade and CREB. The elucidation of this nonclassical pathway of T action in the testis may provide new targets for the control of male fertility.
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PMID:Testosterone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase via Src kinase and the epidermal growth factor receptor in sertoli cells. 1727 94


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