Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report the case of an 82-year-old male patient with a > 8-year history of prostate cancer (PrCa), who developed breast adenocarcinoma (BrCa) (Ki-67+ and negative for ER, PR, PSA and HER2/neu) after prolonged (approximately 7-year) anti-androgen (flutamide) monotherapy for locally advanced PrCa. Biochemical and molecular analyses showed hyperestrogenemia (serum estradiol = 266 pg/ml, with normal range < 74 pg/ml), germline BRCA-1 mutation (T to C at nucleotide 3232, in exon 11, causing Glu to Gly change at codon 1038) and chromosome 9 inversion (karyotype of 46,XY with inv(9) (p11q21)). Following bilateral mastectomy without adjuvant systemic therapy, the patient has been disease-free (from both BrCa and PrCa) for > 3 years. In contrast to LHRH-based hormonal therapies for PrCa, anti-androgen monotherapy causes hyper-estrogenemia due to the suppressed negative feedback loop of androgens on LHRH and LH production, stimulation of testicular androgen production and their intracrine transformation to estrogens in peripheral target tissues. In this case report, the hyperestrogenemia may have further increased the BrCa risk in a patient with other risk factors (BRCA-1 mutation and chromosome 9 inversion, which has been previously shown to impinge upon testicular function and intracrine balance of androgens vs. estrogens). This case report illustrates that PrCa patients receiving anti-androgen monotherapy may be at risk of BrCa, in the event of the concomitant presence of other genetically-determined predisposing factors, and indicates the importance of exercising caution against indiscriminate and prolonged use of anti-androgen monotherapy in patients with risk factors for male BrCa.
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PMID:Male breast adenocarcinoma in a prostate cancer patient following prolonged anti-androgen monotherapy. 1515 26

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have been implicated in various forms of human hyperproliferative disorders such as cancers of the cervix and bladder. We investigated the expression pattern of FGFR4 and the clinical significance of the recently identified Gly/Arg polymorphism (388) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) of the oral cavity and the oropharynx. Sections from 104 paraffin-embedded tumors were analyzed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method to determine the FGFR4 genotypes. Protein expression was investigated immunohistochemically and graded into a low, intermediate, or high degree of staining. FGFR4 expression was scored as high in 17, as intermediate in 59 and as low in 28 cases. The FGFR4 Arg388 allele was found in 59 tumors, 46 of them having heterozygous and 13 homozygous genotypes. High expression of the FGFR4 Arg388 allele was significantly associated with reduced overall survival (p = 0.032) and with an advanced tumor stage (p = 0.023), whereas expression of the FGFR4 Gly388 had no impact on disease progression. Our findings indicate that high expression of FGFR4 in connection with the Arg388 allele is associated with poor clinical outcome and support the significance of FGFR4 as a diagnostic marker and a target for therapeutic intervention in human HNSCC.
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PMID:Involvement of the FGFR4 Arg388 allele in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 1519 73

Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 occur frequently in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Small molecules that selectively inhibit FLT3 kinase activity induce apoptosis in blasts from AML patients with FLT3 mutations and prolong survival in animal models of FLT3-induced myeloproliferative disease. A spectrum of structurally different small molecules with activity against FLT3 have been described, and their efficacy for treatment of AML and ALL is now being investigated in clinical trials. Here, we describe the results of an in vitro screen designed to identify mutations in the ATP-binding pocket of FLT3 that confer resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mutations at four different positions (Ala-627, Asn-676, Phe-691, and Gly-697) were identified that confer varying degrees of resistance to PKC412, SU5614, or K-252a. FLT3 proteins mutated at Ala-627, Asn-676, or Phe-691 remained sensitive to higher concentrations of the inhibitors, but the G697R mutation conferred high-level resistance to each of these inhibitors as well as to six additional experimental inhibitors. These data provide insights into potential mechanisms of acquired resistance of FLT3 to small molecule inhibitors and indicate that the G697R mutation may be a clinically problematic resistance mutation that warrants proactive screening for additional inhibitors.
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PMID:Prediction of resistance to small molecule FLT3 inhibitors: implications for molecularly targeted therapy of acute leukemia. 1537 44

In this paper, the N-terminus of glycoprotein-41, the HIV-1 fusion peptide, was studied by molecular dynamics simulations in an explicit sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle. The simulation provides a detailed picture of the equilibrium structure and peptide stability as it interacts with the micelle. The equilibrium location of the peptide shows the peptide at the surface of the micelle with hydrophobic residues interacting with the micelle's core. At equilibrium, the peptide adopts an alpha-helical structure from residues 5-16 and a type-1 beta-turn from 17-20 with the other residues exhibiting more flexible conformations. The primary hydrophobic interactions with the micelle are from the leucine and phenylalanine residues (Leu-7, Phe-8, Leu-9, Phe-11, Leu-12) while the alanine and glycine residues (Ala-1, Gly-3, Gly-5, Ala-6, Gly-10, Gly-13, Ala-14, Ala-15, Gly-16, Gly-10, Ala-21) interact favorably with water molecules. The results suggest that Phe-8, part of the highly conserved FLG motif of the fusion peptide, plays a key role in the interaction of the peptide with membranes. Our simulations corroborate experimental investigations of the fusion peptide in SDS micelles, providing a high-resolution picture that explains the experimental findings.
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PMID:Simulation of the N-terminus of HIV-1 glycoprotein 41000 fusion peptide in micelles. 1563 57

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine. This protein has a role in regulating immune responses and exhibits significant anti-tumor activities. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an important growth factor that plays a central role in the regulation of cell cycle and differentiation. It was proposed that a targeted delivery of IL-18 by generation of IL-18-EGF fusion protein might decrease adverse effects and result in enhancing cytotoxic and antitumor activities. In the present study, a fusion protein, consisting of EGFR binding domain fused to human IL-18 mature peptide via a linker peptide of (Gly(4)Ser) 3, was constructed and expressed in the insect cell line Sf9 using Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. We showed that the purified recombinant fusion protein induced similar levels of IFN-gamma to that of native IL-18 protein in human PBMC in the presence of ConA. Furthermore, EGF receptor competitive test in human epithelial cancer A431 cell line showed that EGF-IL18 fusion protein can specifically bind with EGFR by competing with native EGF protein. These suggest that this rationally designed protein can be further developed as novel tumor therapeutics.
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PMID:Rational design of an EGF-IL18 fusion protein: implication for developing tumor therapeutics. 1599 40

CKBM is an herbal formula composed of five Chinese medicinal herbs (Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, Fructus crataegi, Ziziphus jujube and Glycine Max) supplemented with processed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies have demonstrated that CKBM is capable of triggering the release of IL-6 and TNFalpha from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and its anti-tumorigenic activity has been demonstrated in nude mice with gastric cancer. In this report, we utilized the THP-1 monocytic cell line as a cellular model to investigate how CKBM regulates the intracellular signaling of monocytes and the subsequent release of the produced cytokines. In terms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, CKBM (20%) had no significant effect on ERK, but was linked to an inhibitory effect on JNK and a stimulatory effect on p38 MAPK. The differential responsiveness of JNK and p38 was dependent on the duration of treatment, as well as on the dosage of CKBM. Treatment of CKBM alone induced the release of IL-10 and IFNgamma, but not IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and TNFbeta, while increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by A23187 triggered the release of IL-10 only. Interestingly, A23187 synergized with the activities of CKBM-treated THP-1 cells in terms of IL-1beta and IFNgamma production, while the IL-10 production showed no synergistic relationship between CKBM and A23187. This A23187-induced synergism was associated with a dose-dependent character towards CKBM administration. In view of the intracellular Ca2+ elevation during monocyte activation, our results suggest that CKBM can serve as a promoting agent for modulating the functions of monocytes.
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PMID:Immuno-regulatory effects of CKBM on the activities of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the release of cytokines in THP-1 monocytic cells. 1614 32

Glycine-extended gastrin (G-Gly) is an end product of processing of the progastrin precursor peptide that has a different spectrum of activity to amidated gastrin. G-Gly promotes cell proliferation in normal and malignant colonic epithelium but the mechanisms responsible are poorly understood. Prostaglandins produced by the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes have been implicated as downstream mediators of several growth factors, and COX inhibitors such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of colonic cancer and reduce the incidence of colon cancer. We have examined the mechanisms of the actions of G-Gly in HT-29 colon cancer cells. G-Gly induced a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation that was insensitive to inhibition of either COX-1 or COX-2, but was abolished by inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase, ERK and NF-kappaB pathways. G-Gly did not increase prostaglandin E2 production. Celecoxib induced apoptosis and reduced viable cell numbers in a COX-independent manner. G-Gly significantly reduced serum-starvation and celecoxib-induced apoptosis and this effect was also blocked by inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase, ERK and NF-kappaB pathways. Stimulation of HT-29 cells with G-Gly led to a rapid increase in ERK and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and increased nuclear translocation of active NF-kappaB. Activation of NF-kappaB was independent of ERK and p38 MAP kinase. G-Gly stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in colon cancer cells via COX-independent and ERK-, p38 MAP kinase-, and NF-kappaB-dependant pathways. Locally and systemically produced G-Gly may be important in reducing the beneficial effects of chemopreventative agents in colon cancer.
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PMID:Glycine-extended gastrin stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in colon cancer cells via cyclo-oxygenase-independent pathways. 1616 10

The FGFR4 codon 388 polymorphism (Arg(388), Arg/Gly(388) or Gly(388)) was determined in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), diffuse astrocytomas (DA), and control muscles. Arg(388) was rare in AA, GBM, muscles, and was absent in DA. The Arg/Gly(388) and the Gly(388) frequency was equal among GBM and controls. FGFR4 expression was not related to codon 388 in GBM, and no survival differences between Arg/Gly(388) and Gly(388) tumors were found. U87 cells (Arg/Gly(388)) did not show higher invasion than U138 cells (Gly(388)). This suggests that the FGFR4 codon 388 status does not play a major role in malignant gliomas.
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PMID:Analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism in codon 388 of the FGFR4 gene in malignant gliomas. 1619 76

The activation of the insulin-like growth factor 1/IGF1 receptor system (IGF1/IGF1R) is a critical event in the transformation and tumorigenicity processes in a wide variety of human tumors. The IGF1/IGF1R system has been recently studied in carcinoid tumors that often arise in the gastrointestinal tract; these tumors are characterized by hypersecretion of bioamines and neuropeptides, leading to functional tumor disease. Two alternatively spliced IGF1R mRNA transcripts have been described to differ by only three nucleotides (CAG) in the coding sequence, resulting in an amino-acid change from the originally described Thr-Gly to an Arg in the extracellular portion of the receptor beta subunit. In transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, the form without CAG (CAG-) exhibited an approximate 2-fold increase in IGF1 stimulation of activities required for its mitogenic properties. In this study, we examine the relative expression of the two IGF1R mRNA isoforms by a semiquantitative RT-PCR approach using highly standardized conditions, beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) as a reference gene and gel imaging analysis. We analyzed a large series of human neuroendocrine tumors (32 samples) and 9 normal tissues. A significant higher expression of both isoforms in the tumor samples (approximately 2-fold increase) was found, while a constant CAG+/CAG- IGF1R mRNA isoforms of an approximate 3:1 ratio was observed in all tumoral and normal cell types studied. The phylogenetic study of the IGF1R locus in several species suggests that human IGF1R CAG- mRNA isoform is evolutionarily more recent compared to the IGF1R CAG+ mRNA isoform and it could be used by the splicing apparatus at this intron/exon junction with a lower efficiency. This study highlights the relevance of IGF1R mRNA expression in neuroendocrine tumor cells, and the constant presence of 'subtle' alternative splicing for the IGF1R locus.
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PMID:Differential expression of alternatively spliced mRNA forms of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in human neuroendocrine tumors. 1659 94

Integrin is the major adhesion molecule for the attachment of podocytes to the glomerular basement membrane, and integrins have been shown to play a major role in the regulation of cell survival. In this study, the authors investigated the apoptosis and its related signal pathways to integrin in cultured rat podocytes. Apoptosis was detected with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. Cytochrome c was examined by immunohistochemical stain, and Fas, Fas ligand, Bax, Bcl-2, and ERK activation (p-ERK/ERK) were analyzed by Western blotting analysis. The results demonstrated that the integrin antagonist, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp (GRGD), increased the percentage of cells with apoptosis (from 0.9+/-0.5% to 27.2+/-9.9%, P < 0.01). Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase with genistein also caused apoptosis of podocytes (from 0.9+/-0.5% to 26.0+/-8.7%, P < 0.01). In GRGD-treated cells, cytochrome c was found released into cytoplasm by immunohistochemical study and the Bax expression was upregulated, whereas Bcl-2 expression was not changed. Fas was not expressed in both control and GRGD-treated podocytes, although Fas ligand was upregulated in GRGD-treated cells. ERK activation was also found to be increased in GRGD-treated cells. The results indicated that alpha3beta1integrin is necessary for the prevention of the apoptosis of cultured rat podocytes, and that the signaling involves the Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c pathways.
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PMID:Signaling and regulatory mechanisms of integrinalpha3beta1 on the apoptosis of cultured rat podocytes. 1675 Jun 64


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