Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In anesthetized and spinal cats the influence of microionophoretic local injections of acetylcholine and noradrenaline into different layers of grey substance of lumbar segments of the spinal cord were studied with aid of monosynaptic EPSPs of motoneurons. Injections of ACH and NA in the surface layers of the grey substance of dorsal horn induced depression of monosynaptic reactions. In the area of 6--7 layers ACH induced a weak depression, while NA significantly increased the reflex responses. In the given arrangement of motoneurons NA depressed and ACH facilitated extensor and flexor monosynaptic reactions of motoneurons.
 ...
PMID:[Microiontophoretic study of the effect of acetylcholine and noradrenaline on the monosynaptic reflex activity of the spinal cord]. 72 40

In experiments with animals it was investigated the endurance of the myometrial and the blood flow of the renal cortex during endogenous pressure substances. At the same time it was tested, if treatment with sexual hormones or a pregnancy had the tested principles and changes through pressure substances, and that the changes were significant. The investigations were conducted on three groups of female rabbits. The blood changes in myometrial and in the uterine were measured and continually registered with the special heated thermistor, from the principle of the thermoclearance. The success of the blood pressure was intraarterial measured with an electric mechanism. Precisely the same doses (in relativity of the animals weight) of pressure substances were applied with an infusions pump intravenously. And pressure substances Angiotensin II, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine, and their actions on the blood pressure and blood flow through the myometrium and through the renal cortex were examined. Altogether 131 values were registered. The results of the study that were statistically secure were as follows: a) The uterine blood flow pro tissue volume unit stays constant also by pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. b) The blood flow of the kidney is perhaps twice as high as the myometrial. c) The myometrial blood flow is with the arterial systolic blood pressure tightly correlated. Blood pressure increases through Angiotensin-infusion and also recovery of the uterine blood flow. d) An autoregulation of the uterine blood flow is not observed. e) The decrease of the renal blood flow after the giving of pressure substances was not modified through pregnancy. f) In quality the behaviour of the organ blood flow is the same after applied infusion of the pressure substances. Quantity differences exist however between Angiotensin II, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine. The method of measuring the blood flow through the uterus and in the kidney was placed in one view there. The finding of another examination groups for the problem of the organ blood flow in pregnancy was under critical consideration the methods combined and in connection with the proper examinations discussed. Till now in the theory over the cause of EPH-syndrom the predominate recently compiled comprehensive summary was; the proper body pressure substances--especially from the renin Angiotensin system--after chronical invoices it was decides diminished uterus blood flow appeared. After the earlier results were not all secure. The proper examination speech was therefore, that regarding the kidney function relevant alterations, also unter the conditions of pregnancy, are to be observed. The pressure dependant regulation of myometrial blood flow without proving autoregulation required however another test of the predominante gestose theory.
 ...
PMID:[The experimental examination of the effect on the uterine blood flow of angiotensin II during pregnancy (author's transl)]. 99 65

The findings was confirmed that there is a "rebound" increase of stored acetylcholine (ACh) in cat superior cervical ganglia conditioned by prolonged preganglionic stimulation at a frequency high enough to cause initial depletion of the store. Ganglia removed immediately after 60 min of continuous or interrupted stimulation at 50 Hz, with chloralose as anesthetic, contained about 30% more ACh than their unconditioned controls; the rebound rose to about 60% after 15 min of rest and then subsided with an apparent half-time of about 2 h. Tests with hemicholinium, combined with hexamethonium or tubocurarine, showed that rebound ACh was located presynaptically and could be released by nerve impulses; but conditioned ganglia perfused with an eserine-containing medium did not release more ACh than their unconditioned controls, except in circumstances in which the mobilization of ACh from a reserve store appeared to be the rate-limiting process for release. The appearance of rebound ACh during and after conditioning stimulation was suppressed by hexamethonium and by tubocurarine, neither of which has much effect on ACh turnover in ganglia excited at lower frequencies, but not only by atropine, noradrenaline, or phenoxybenzamine. The formation of rebound ACH is thus contingent on the postsynaptic nicotinic response to released ACh, and may represent an augmentation of the transmitter store in structures remote from the release sites.
 ...
PMID:A prolonged after-effect of intense synaptic activity on acetylcholine in a sympathetic ganglion. 113 42

We investigated the influence of the diabetic state on the contractile response of longitudinal segments of isolated mesenteric vein to prostanoids and leukotriene (LT), and the contribution of the vascular endothelium to modulation of the contractile response was determined. The normal mesenteric vein and de-endothelialized veins of normal (ddY), diabetic KK-CAy and streptozotocin ddY mice (150 mg/kg, i.v., 6 weeks) were used. In the diabetic state, the contractions produced by noradrenaline (60 microM), high K+ solution (143.4 mM), and the thromboxane A2 analogue U-46619 (29 nM-29 mM) were not affected, and LTD4 (0.1 nM-1 microM)-induced contraction was suppressed. Contractions induced by prostaglandin (PG) E2 (0.2 microM-2 mM), PGF2 alpha (0.3 microM-0.3 mM) and the prostacyclin derivatives PGI2-Na (10-100 microM) and TRK-100 (0.2 microM-2 mM) were significantly enhanced in the presence of an intact vascular endothelium, but not in de-endothelialized segments. The increase in PGF2 alpha (0.28 mM) contractions was dependent on age (correlation coefficient r = 0.36, significant difference, P less than 0.05) and blood glucose (r = 0.88, significant difference, P less than 0.01), but was independent of obesity. The contractile response to PGD2 (0.3-0.9 mM) was enhanced in both intact and de-endothelialized segments. These results indicate that the diabetic state affects prostanoid responses in an endothelium-dependent manner, except for the PGD2 response, which is independent of the endothelium.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes-induced enhancement of prostanoid-stimulated contraction in mesenteric veins of mice. 262 93

The effects of the active principles of crude ginger (a traditional Sino-Japanese medicine), the gingerols, on the contractile responses to eicosanoids were compared using isolated mouse and rat blood vessels. Leukotrienes (LT) C4 and D4, a thromboxane (TX) A2 derivative (U-46619), prostaglandins (PG) F2 alpha, PGI2-Na, PGE2, the stable PGI2 derivative TRK-100, and PGD2 induced contraction in longitudinal segments of mouse mesenteric veins in that order of potency. Exogenous arachidonic acid and PGE1 did not cause contraction. The mesenteric veins also contracted in response to noradrenaline (NA) and phenylephrine (PhE), but not to clonidine. The gingerols alone relaxed the muscle transiently and then augmented the response to PGF2 alpha, PGE2, PGI2-Na, and TRK-100, but suppressed the response to PGD2, U-46619, LTC4, LTD4, NA and PhE. (+/-)-[6]-Gingerol also potentiated the PGF2 alpha-induced contraction in longitudinal segments of rat mesenteric vein and vena cava, but inhibited it in circular segments of rat aorta and longitudinal segments of mouse mesenteric arteries. These results showed that (+/-)-[6]- and (+/-)-[8]-gingerols potentiated the contraction induced by prostanoids (except PGD2) and inhibited that produced by PGD2, TXA2, and LT, suggesting the modulation of eicosanoids-induced responses by (+/-)-[6]- or (+/-)-[8]-gingerol.
 ...
PMID:Modulation of eicosanoid-induced contraction of mouse and rat blood vessels by gingerols. 276 Nov 27

The action of theophylline derivatives (-)-7-2-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethylamino)-ethyl-theophyl-line (cafedrine) and 7-2-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-ethyl-theophylline (theodrenaline) on free fatty acids (FFA) levels in rat blood serum and on cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation and FFA mobilization in isolated fat cells has been studied and compared to the action of a noradrenaline plus aminophylline mixture (NAA). A significant in vivo increase of FFA appeared 15 min after NAT and 90 min after NET i.p. administration. NAA was active at both times. Unlike NET, NAT stimulated in vitro FFA mobilization and cAMP accumulation: NAA action was however stronger. NAT-mediated cAMP accumulation, but not that which was NAA-induced, was totally inhibited by timolol. Our results suggest the existence of a beta-adrenergic mechanism for NAT and a tyraminic mechanism for NET. A theophyllinic action dos not seem to apply to either drug.
 ...
PMID:Differences in the lipolytic and cyclic AMP accumulative action of noradrenaline-theophylline and norephedrine-theophylline. 625 57

The effect of psychosocial stress produced by aggregation in a special cage designed by Henry was investigated in three separate experiments using Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD) and F1 hybrids of the Japanese spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto (SHR-WKY F1) rats. Each aggregated group displayed typical 'stressed' behavioural disturbances. Adrenal hypertrophy, elevation of plasma renin activity and gastric erosions were noted in male aggregated SD rats; while adrenal enlargement, elevation of plasma noradrenaline and gastric erosions were found in male aggregated SHR-WKY F1 rats. Sustained hypertension, however, did not develop in any strain nor in any subgroup within each strain. Gastric erosions were also noted in isolated SD and SHR-SKY F1 rats suggesting that long term isolation of rats also induces stress. Isolated rats also remained normotensive throughout. Reduced haematocrit was found in both aggregated and isolated male SHR-WKY F1 rats suggesting increased plasma volume. We conclude that neither stress due to psychosocial disturbances nor that due to isolation produces chronic hypertension in the three strains of rat studied.
 ...
PMID:Failure of psychosocial stress to induce chronic hypertension in the rat. 654 22

Clinical use of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CSA) is hampered by its nephrotoxicity. The renal vascular resistance is increased, may be as a consequence of a deleterious effect of the drug on the vascular endothelial cell function. The renal effects of a subchronic treatment with CSA (50 mg/kg/d, sc, 18 days), or olive oil vehicule (1 ml/kg), were studied in normotensive male Wistar rats. Creatinine clearance was measured on 24 h urine collection before the right kidney of the animals was isolated and perfused in an open circuit at 6 ml/min with Tyrode's solution. Renal vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACH, 10(-10) to 10(-7) M) and sodium nitroprusside (NP, 3 x 10(-9) to 3 x 10(-6) M) were studied after reestablishment of a renal vascular tone by a continuous perfusion of noradrenaline (NA, 10(-7) M). ACH was more potent than NP to induce renal vasodilation (EC50 = 0.57 +/- 0.05 x 10(-9) M, n = 8, vs 3.42 +/- 0.29 x 10(-8) M, n = 5), but both drugs reversed the NA-induced vasoconstriction by near 90%. L-NAME (3 x 10(-5) M) had no effect on NP-induced renal relaxation but suppressed responses to low concentrations of ACH and decreased by half its Emax (47 +/- 17%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Changing of renal endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity by cyclosporin A]. 812 33

The effects of the endogenous pressor agents noradrenaline (NA), and angiotensin II (Ang II), and of the hypotensive agents acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine (ADS), on blood pressure and heart rate in conscious and unrestrained stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) of different ages (4-9 weeks old) were investigated. Pressor responses to NA were enhanced in 7- and 9- week-old SHR-SP compared with those in WKY, but pressor responses to Ang II in SHR-SP were not different from those in WKY at all ages. The bradycardias following pressor responses to NA and Ang II were markedly attenuated in SHR-SP, especially older ones. Hypotensive responses to ACH were enhanced in SHR-SP, particularly at 9 weeks of age. However, hypotensive responses to ADS were attenuated in SHR-SP, especially at 7 weeks of age. Transient fall of heart rate due to ADS was also attenuated in 7- and 9- week-old SHR-SP. These alterations of hemodynamic or cardiovascular responses in SHR-SP became more evident in the established stages of hypertension. These results suggest intimate relationships of the enhanced pressor responses to NA, attenuated bradycardias following pressor effects with NA or Ang II, and the attenuated hypotensive responses to ADS with the development or the maintenance of hypertension in SHR-SP.
 ...
PMID:Studies of cardiovascular responses to some endogenous pressor and hypotensive agents in conscious stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats of different ages. 824 50

A significant proportion of early graft occlusions after aortocoronary revascularization using autologous saphenous vein grafts (SVG) are due to mechanical and/or metabolic or biochemical endothelial lesions. The morphological examination of the endothelium, usually carried out using light microscopy or by various types of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), does not give any indication of the functioning of the endothelium (E). Functionally intact E is capable of producing endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF); a practicable in vitro test is the relaxation of pre-contracted vein segments (VS) in response to acetylcholine (ACh) application. To study the effect of the solution used to rinse and store the SVG between removal and implantation on the functional characteristics of the E, we performed in vitro tests on macroscopically intact VS removed from the saphenous vein of 30 male patients who underwent elective CABG surgery. Isolated VS rings were incubated for 60 min in heparinized whole blood (HWB), Bretschneider's cardioplegic solution (HTK), human albumin solution (HAS), or Ringer's solution (RS) and compared with the results obtained immediately after the removal of untreated control samples (C) taken from the same patients. After equilibration in carbogen aerated Krebs-Henseleit solution and precontraction by 3 x 10(-7) M noradrenaline (NE), relaxation induced by 10(-6) M ACh was measured. Only the samples stored in HWB (13.4 +/- 0.4 mN) showed similar maximal contractions with NE to those in the control group (14.4 +/- 0.5 mN), i.e. all those segments which showed both contractions with NE and relaxation with ACh.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Endothelial damage of the venous graft in CABG. Influence of solutions used for storage and rinsing on endothelial function. 837 22


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>