Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human adult lung fragments removed from macroscopically undamaged and anthracosis exempted zones of lungs of 20 pneumonectomies made for cancer, were tested for 25 enzymic activities. The location and intensities of these enzymic activities were different in the lung tissue components; The bronchial epithelia contained highly active LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, active hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, alkaline phosphatase. Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, and beta-galactosidase. Bronchial and vascular muscles presented intense activities of LDH, MDH and SDH of alkalinephosphatase, AMP-ase and Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, as well as of beta-galactosidase. The alveolar walls presented high activities of SDH, MDH and LDH, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, of beta-galactosidase and of Tween-40 and 60-esterases, of HEP, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase. The free alveolar macrophages were active for LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, G1-6-ph-DH, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATP-ase, Tween-esterases, naphthol-ASD-acetate esterase, and beta-galactosidase. The endothelia contained high activities of alkaline phosphatase, of AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATPase, of LDH, MDH and SDH, and of beta-galactosidase. In bronchial lymphoid nodules it was the LDH, MDH, SDH, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, alkaline phosphatase and AMP-ase, Tween-60-esterase and beta-galactosidase that were active. The interlobular areas of the lung presented intense activities of SDH, MDH, LDH, HEP and cytochrome-oxidase. The activities of the other tested enzymes were weaker or absent in the adult human lung components, the same as those of aminopeptidases which were present only in some free alveolar macrophages. The discussion of some relationships between these enzymic actitivies and the morphology of the human adult lung tissue asserted that the latter could not be considered as a "normal" tissue but as one overstrained by the components of blood and polluted air.
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PMID:Histoenzymology of the lung. I. Enzyme activities of the lung tissue of acult humans; relationships between structure and functions. 14 Mar 14

A persistent infection with rabies virus (HEP-Flury) was established in the CNS-derived hybrid cell line 108CC15 which possesses specific membrane receptors for prostaglandins, catecholamines and acetylcholine. We report a differential virus influence on the specific receptor response to PGE, isoproterenol and acetycholine as indicated by typical changes of the intracellular cyclic AMP levels. As the adenylate cyclase activity was unchanged in infected cells in vitro, a selective virus influence on specific receptors themselves or their coupling to the cAMP synthesizing system must be considered.
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PMID:Rabies virus infection selectively impairs membrane receptor functions in neuronal model cells. 21 41

The results of a series of experiments in the cold-preserved rat liver, applying a newly developed method of pretransplant viability testing, are described. The livers were stored either under simple hypothermic conditions (KHB) or in EC, HTK, or UW preservation solution. Livers were stored up to 48 hr and reperfused after a period of hypothermic storage of 1, 7, 14, or 21 hr. In a parallel series of experiments, with livers stored under identical conditions, repeated proton relaxometry measurements (0, 1, 7, 14, 24, 32, 48 hr) were undertaken; and ATP, ADP, AMP (Atkinson's energy charge), and water content of livers, as well as pH of storage solution, were estimated. Based on a strong correlation between proton spin-spin relaxation time T2 and tissue water content (edema), this new method may be useful to estimate the amount of cell swelling during hypothermic storage from a surgical biopsy of about 200 mg within a few minutes. There was, however, no significant correlation found between energy charge and/or pH and water content, T2, or bile flow. Our method could be useful as a rapid test method in experimental cold liver storage models and may be of interest in human liver transplantation as a viability indicator in combination with other parameters.
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PMID:Cold-preserved rat liver viability testing by proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. 131 51

Human SK-N-MC neurotumor cells express beta 1- but not beta 2-adrenergic receptors. Following exposure of the cells to isoproterenol, there was no reduction in the maximum response of adenylyl cyclase to the agonist but a 3-fold shift to less sensitivity in the concentration response. This desensitization was very rapid and dose dependent; half-maximal effects occurred at 10 nM isoproterenol. A similar shift was observed when membranes from control cells were incubated with ATP and the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). No shift, however, was observed in intact cells exposed to either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dopamine, which stimulates adenylyl cyclase in these cells through D1 dopamine receptors. To pursue the role of protein kinases in the desensitization process, cells were made permeable, loaded with a PKA inhibitor or with heparin, an inhibitor of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK), and exposed to isoproterenol. The PKA inhibitor but not heparin blocked the agonist-mediated desensitization. In contrast, desensitized human tumor cells (HeLa and A431), which express beta 2-adrenergic receptors, exhibited both a shift in concentration response and a reduction in maximum response; the former was blocked by the PKA inhibitor and the latter by heparin. Our results indicated that whereas both human beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors are susceptible to PKA, only the beta 2 receptors are susceptible to beta ARK. These differences in desensitization may be due to differences in receptor structure as the human beta 1 receptor has fewer potential phosphorylation sites for beta ARK in the carboxyl terminus than the human beta 2 receptor.
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PMID:Desensitization of the human beta 1-adrenergic receptor. Involvement of the cyclic AMP-dependent but not a receptor-specific protein kinase. 185 Apr 9

In ischemic canine kidneys protected by Bretschneider's HTK solution the glycolytic lactate production is limited by a low renal substrate content. However, for anaerobic energy supply ischemic organs depend on glycolysis. To evaluate the role of glycolysis in renal protection, the relationship between lactate production and anaerobic energy supply was examined in protected kidneys of dogs, sheep, and swine. Additionally, in canine kidneys an attempt was made to improve anaerobic energy provision by adding glucose to the protective solution. The results were as follows: (1) According to increasing lactate production from swine to dog to sheep, intraischemic ATP decay was delayed least in swine and most in sheep. (2) Glucose addition (10 mM) to the HTK solution roughly doubled the time for ATP to fall to 1 mumol/g dry wt (tATP) in dogs. (3) The greater the lactate production in all three species, the lower the decrease in SAN (ATP + ADP + AMP) from 5 to 120 min of ischemia. (4) A glucose additive in the protective solution led to a significant (p less than .005) increase of SAN in dogs at 120 min of ischemia. A sufficient substrate supply seems to be an essential component of a reliable renal protection.
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PMID:Glucose content and efficiency of glycolysis in protected ischemic kidneys of different species. 212 43

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced receptor dimerization may provide a mechanism for activation of the receptor protein tyrosine kinase and for initiation of post-receptor signalling pathways. We have examined whether second messengers and agents that modulate EGF receptor function act at the level of receptor dimerization. Both the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and the tumour promotor tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA), added shortly before EGF, inhibit EGF receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity in intact cells. In permeabilized cells, elevation of Ca2+ similarly inhibits EGF receptor function. The inhibitory effect of Ca2+, unlike that of TPA, appears not to be dependent on protein kinase C activity. Neither ionomycin nor phorbol ester affects EGF-induced receptor dimerization, as shown by cross-linking and immunoblotting techniques, although the phosphotyrosine content of both monomeric and dimeric receptors is strongly decreased. Furthermore, we show that EGF receptor dimerization is not affected by increases in cyclic AMP or intracellular pH, nor by changes in transmembrane potential, medium osmolarity or the glycosylation state of the receptor. These result suggest that modulation of EGF receptor function occurs at a step other than receptor dimerization.
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PMID:Second messenger modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor function does not occur at the level of receptor dimerization. 217 99

Baraprost sodium (sodium (+/-)-(1R*,2R*,3aS*,8bS*)-2,3,3a.8b- tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(E)-(3S*)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-octen-6- 1H-cyclopenta[b]benzo-furan-5-butyrate, TRK-100) is a novel stable epoprostenol (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) analogue having antiplatelet and vasodilating actions. Its effect on platelet aggregation in whole blood ex vivo and platelet suspension in vitro, formation of cyclic AMP(cAMP), production of malondialdehyde(MDA), and 45Ca++-influx into platelets were studied in rats. Oral administration of TRK-100 (0.3-1 mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen in whole blood and also inhibited in vitro thrombin-induced aggregation of platelet suspension in the presence or absence of external Ca++. Oral TRK-100 (0.3-3 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased plasma cAMP levels and this action was confirmed in vitro with platelet rich plasma in the presence or absence of theophylline. 45Ca++-influx into platelets stimulated by thrombin was dose-dependently inhibited by TRK-100 (3-100 nmol/l). TRK-100 (3-100 nmol/l) also suppressed MDA production induced by thrombin in platelet suspension but not that induced by arachidonic acid. From these results, TRK-100 which is orally active was suggested to exert its antiplatelet action through the increase of cAMP in platelets by activation of adenylate cyclase, concomitantly followed by the inhibition of Ca++-influx and thromboxane A2 formation.
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PMID:Studies on the antiplatelet effect of the stable epoprostenol analogue beraprost sodium and its mechanism of action in rats. 254 30

The mouse aprt promoter contains four GC boxes, which bind transcription factor Spl in vitro, and lacks both TATA and CCAAT boxes. Removal of the two most distal GC boxes of this promoter had little effect on APRT enzyme levels produced in a transient expression assay. Deletion of the distal three GC boxes resulted in a 50% reduction, and deletion of all GC boxes resulted in essentially complete loss of APRT activity. There are two predominant transcription start sites which are located within the region containing the GC boxes. The promoter behaved as a relatively strong promoter when compared to the RSV LTR promoter in a transient CAT assay, and operated in one orientation only. No upstream anti-sense transcripts were detected in either mouse CAK or liver cells, confirming that the mouse aprt promoter, unlike some other GC-rich promoters appears not to support bidirectional transcription.
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PMID:Identification of DNA sequences required for mouse APRT gene expression. 290 25

Kidneys were perfused either with Euro-Collins-solution or with HTK-solution of Bretschneider. The perfusion pressure as well as the perfusion flow were measured during a six-minute perfusion. The perfusion resistance was higher in Euro-Collins-kidneys than during HTK-perfusion. The venous outflow of the kidney as well as the ureteral outflow was measured during each minute of the perfusion and has analysed for osmolality, and for sodium and potassium concentrations. In Euro-Collins-kidneys a complete "equilibration" of the extracellular space was not achieved, while during HTK-perfusion concentrations in the venous as in the tubular outflow, similar to those in the HTK-solution itself, could be reached. At the end of the different perfusions, tissue was analysed for biochemical parameters such as ATP, ADP, AMP and lactate as well as for morphological features. Lactate had increased and ATP had decreased during perfusion with Euro-Collins-solution, while ATP had not changed and lactate had decreased during perfusion with HTK-solution. Normal glomerular, tubular and dilated vascular structures can be seen after HTK-perfusion, while a glomerular and vascular contraction takes place during Euro-Collins-perfusion.
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PMID:Short-term perfusion and "equilibration" of canine kidneys with protective solutions. 310 3

Long-term preservation of dog hearts was performed over 24 h using Bretschneider-HTK cardioplegia and cold storage. Preservation was assessed in terms of conservation of myocardial tissue levels of high-energy phosphates (HEP) and functional outcome after cardiac transplantation. Serial left ventricular biopsies were taken and analysed for ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and creatine phosphate. Myocardial structure was studied by electron microscopical examination of a similar biopsy specimen. Cardiac performance was measured before and after cardiac transplantation. Several techniques of cardioplegic arrest were studied: single dose cardioplegia, multidose cardioplegia and continuous perfusion with the cardioplegic solution. In all groups, the hearts were stored at 0.5 degree C for 24 h. In the group of single dose Bretschneider-HTK cardioplegia, myocardial ATP content after 24 h of cold storage was only 25% of control. The total sum of nucleotides at that time interval was however 65% of the control value. Reperfusion of these hearts using a support dog (whole blood reperfusion) did not result in any recovery of ATP. Creatinine phosphate however showed an overshoot. Accumulated nucleosides were washed out. The hearts showed electrical activity but were severely arrhythmic. Contractility was poor. In the group of multidose Bretschneider-HTK cardioplegia, HEP preservation was better than after single dose cardioplegia. ATP content was about 50% of control. The total sum of nucleotides was 85% of control. Ultrastructural assessment of the myocytes revealed only slight ischaemic damage to the mitochondria. Reperfusion on cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac transplantation did not show any restoration of ATP, but a steady catabolism of HEP. The nucleosides adenosine and inosine were not washed out upon reperfusion. After cardiac transplantation, none of these hearts could be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass due to irreversible low cardiac output. Histological examination demonstrated irreversible myocardial tissue damage. In the group of continuous cold Bretschneider cardioplegia, HEP content was completely preserved throughout the 24 h of perfusion. Ultrastructure of the myocytes was normal. Reperfusion of the transplanted hearts showed a mild breakdown of ATP to 70% of control values accompanied by a slight accumulation of nucleosides. Haemodynamic recovery however was perfect and none of the hearts needed positive inotropic support. Myocytes after reperfusion had a normal subcellular appearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Energy state of the myocardium during long-term cold storage and subsequent reperfusion. 327 28


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