Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) is a homologous to the E6-associated protein C terminus-type E3 ligase frequently overexpressed in human prostate and breast cancers due to gene amplification. Previous studies suggest that WWP1 promotes cell proliferation and survival; however, the mechanism of WWP1 action is still poorly understood. Here, we showed that WWP1 upregulates and maintains erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ErbB2) and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) in multiple cell lines. WWP1 depletion dramatically attenuates the EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation. WWP1 forms a protein complex with RING finger protein 11 (RNF11), a negative regulator of ErbB2 and EGFR. The protein-protein interaction is through the first and third WW domains of WWP1 and the PY motif of RNF11. Although WWP1 is able to ubiquitinate RNF11 in vitro and in vivo, WWP1 neither targets RNF11 for degradation nor changes RNF11's cellular localization. Importantly, inhibition of RNF11 can rescue WWP1 siRNA-induced ErbB2 and EGFR downregulation and growth arrest. Finally, we demonstrated that RNF11 is overexpressed in a panel of prostate and breast cancer cell lines with WWP1 expression. These findings suggest that WWP1 may promote cell proliferation and survival partially through suppressing RNF11-mediated ErbB2 and EGFR downregulation.
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PMID:The WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 upregulates ErbB2 and EGFR through RING finger protein 11. 1872 89

Wnt signaling plays an important role in cancer. Signaling is initiated by binding of Wnt ligands to Frizzled cell surface receptors and results in signaling via one of three pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, which is the best characterized in both normal tissues and in cancer, and two non-canonical Wnt pathways, the Ca(2+)-dependent and the PCP pathways. Canonical Wnt signaling results in beta-catenin accumulation in the cytoplasm, translocation into the nucleus and activation of transcription of Wnt target genes including the c-Myc oncogene. Some cancer types, including colorectal cancer, have mutations in APC and Axin, which are involved in beta-catenin phosphorylation, such that the canonical pathway is constitutively active. Few studies have investigated the role non-canonical Wnt signaling in cancer, or of Wnt signaling on tumor stromal cells. Wnt overexpression is observed in tumor stroma, as is overexpression of the Wnt pathway inhibitors, secreted Frizzled-related proteins and Dickkopf proteins. Interactions between epithelial cells and stromal cells have been observed to activate Wnt signaling in both cell types. Wnt signaling is also observed in tumor blood vessels and is likely to be activated by signals from tumor cells. Current cancer therapies focus on interfering with canonical Wnt signaling in the tumor cells. Future therapeutic targets for interfering with Wnt signaling include cell surface receptors such as the RYK and Ror2 receptors and secreted signaling molecules, which mediate signaling between cancer cells and the stromal environment.
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PMID:Importance of Wnt signaling in the tumor stroma microenvironment. 1878 92

The discoidin domain receptor (DDR1) is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes during the neurodevelopmental myelination process and is genetically associated to schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to further assess the involvement of DDR1 in both remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation. In the mouse model of demyelination-remyelination induced by oral administration of cuprizone, in situ hybridization showed an upregulation of the DDR1 gene in three different white matter areas (corpus callosum, dorsal fornix, and external capsule) during the remyelination period. Moreover, real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that the increase in DDR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was strongly correlated with the number of DDR1-positive cells in the corpus callosum (Spearman coefficient = 0.987, P = 0.013). Cells positive for DDR1 mRNA were also positive for oligodendrocyte markers (OLIG2, carnosine, and APC) but not for markers of oligodendrocyte precursors (NG2), myelin markers (CNPase), microglia (CD11b), or reactive glia (GFAP). Differentiation of a human oligodendroglial cell line, HOG16, was associated with an increase in mRNA expression of DDR1 and several myelin proteins (MBP and MOBP) but not other proteins (APC and CNPase). Here, we demonstrate that DDR1 is upregulated in vitro and in vivo when oligodendrocyte myelinating machinery is activated. Further studies are needed to identify the specific molecular pathway.
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PMID:Discoidin domain receptor 1, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is upregulated in an experimental model of remyelination and during oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. 1883 51

The incidence of several extracolonic tumors, such as duodenal carcinoma, is higher in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients than in the general population, but there is little information about lung carcinoma in FAP. A 43-year-old woman presented with a lung tumor 17 years after total colectomy for FAP. Pathohistological analysis of the lung tumor demonstrated mixed adenocarcinoma consisting of a papillary adenocarcinoma component and a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component. Sequencing analysis indicated a germline APC mutation from TCA to TGA (stop) at codon 1110, but no pathogenic germline MYH mutations. The other APC allele in the lung carcinoma was not inactivated by somatic mutations, promoter methylation, or chromosomal deletion. No somatic mutations in any of the coding regions of the p53 gene or in the mutation hot spot regions of the K-ras or EGFR genes were detected in the carcinoma. Amplification, however, of three chromosome regions, 5p, 8q, and 12q14-12q21, was identified in the carcinoma on genome-wide high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray. The present results suggest that the chromosomal copy number alterations detected on SNP microarray were involved in the carcinogenesis of the adenocarcinoma of the lung in the present FAP patient.
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PMID:Characterization of adenocarcinoma of the lung in a familial adenomatous polyposis patient. 1884 36

Determining the genetic basis of cancer requires comprehensive analyses of large collections of histopathologically well-classified primary tumours. Here we report the results of a collaborative study to discover somatic mutations in 188 human lung adenocarcinomas. DNA sequencing of 623 genes with known or potential relationships to cancer revealed more than 1,000 somatic mutations across the samples. Our analysis identified 26 genes that are mutated at significantly high frequencies and thus are probably involved in carcinogenesis. The frequently mutated genes include tyrosine kinases, among them the EGFR homologue ERBB4; multiple ephrin receptor genes, notably EPHA3; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR; and NTRK genes. These data provide evidence of somatic mutations in primary lung adenocarcinoma for several tumour suppressor genes involved in other cancers--including NF1, APC, RB1 and ATM--and for sequence changes in PTPRD as well as the frequently deleted gene LRP1B. The observed mutational profiles correlate with clinical features, smoking status and DNA repair defects. These results are reinforced by data integration including single nucleotide polymorphism array and gene expression array. Our findings shed further light on several important signalling pathways involved in lung adenocarcinoma, and suggest new molecular targets for treatment.
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PMID:Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. 1894 47

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are caused by activating mutations in the KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha receptor tyrosine kinase genes. Approximately 85% of GIST patients treated with imatinib mesylate achieve disease stabilization, however, often in the presence of residual tumor masses. Complete remissions are rare and a substantial proportion of patients develop resistance to imatinib. Our study was designed to determine whether imatinib-associated responses may account for these clinical findings. We report here that imatinib stimulates cellular quiescence in a proportion of GIST cells as evidenced by up-regulation of the CDK inhibitor p27(Kip1), loss of cyclin A, and reduced BrdUrd incorporation. Mechanistically, these events are associated with an imatinib-induced modulation of the APC/CDH1 signaling axis. Specifically, we provide evidence that imatinib down-regulates SKP2 and that this event is associated with increased nuclear CDH1, an activator of the APC that has been shown to regulate SKP2 stability. We also show that those GIST cells that do not undergo apoptosis in response to imatinib overexpress nuclear p27(Kip1), indicating that they have withdrawn from the cell cycle and are quiescent. Lastly, we provide evidence that a fraction of primary GISTs with high SKP2 expression levels may have an increased risk of disease progression. Taken together, our results support a model in which GIST cells that do not respond to imatinib by apoptosis are removed from the proliferative pool by entering quiescence through modulation of the APC/CDH1-SKP2-p27(Kip1) signaling axis. These results encourage further studies to explore compounds that modulate this pathway as antitumor agents in GISTs.
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PMID:Imatinib mesylate induces quiescence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells through the CDH1-SKP2-p27Kip1 signaling axis. 1897 47

The incidence of colorectal carcinoma has increased among patients <40 years of age for unclear reasons. In this study, we describe the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of colorectal carcinomas that developed in young patients. We compiled a study group of 24 patients <40 years of age with colorectal carcinoma, and 45 patients > or =40 years of age served as controls. Cases were evaluated for clinical risk factors of malignancy and pathologic features predictive of outcome. The tumors were immunohistochemically stained for O6-methylguanine methyltransferase, MLH-1, MSH-2, MSH-6, beta-catenin, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4, epidermal growth factor receptor, TP53, p16, survivin, and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase; assessed for microsatellite instability and mutations in beta-catenin, APC, EGFR, PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF; evaluated for micro-RNA expression (miR-21, miR-20a, miR-183, miR-192, miR-145, miR-106a, miR-181b, and miR-203); and examined for evidence of human papillomavirus infection. One study patient each had ulcerative colitis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Ninety-two percent of tumors from young patients occurred in the distal colon (P=0.006), particularly the rectum (58%, P=0.02), and 75% were stage III or IV. Tumors from young patients showed more frequent lymphovascular (81%, P=0.03) and/or venous (48%, P=0.003) invasion, an infiltrative growth pattern (81%, P=0.03), and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase expression (83%, P=0.02) compared with controls. Carcinomas in this group showed significantly increased expression of miR-21, miR-20a, miR-145, miR-181b, and miR-203 (P< or =0.005 for all comparisons with controls). These results indicate that early-onset carcinomas commonly show pathologic features associated with aggressive behavior. Posttranslational regulation of mRNA and subsequent protein expression may be particularly important to the development of colorectal carcinomas in young patients.
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PMID:Clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of early-onset colorectal carcinoma. 1904 96

We describe an especially aggressive case of cribriform-morular variant (C-MV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a 42-year-old man with familial adenomatous polyposis who died with lung and brain metastases 17 months after thyroidectomy. The angioinvasive neoplasm combined a mixture of trabecular, solid, cribriform, and follicular patterns of growth with CD10+ morules. Follicles were devoid of colloid, and the nuclear features typical of PTC were present in some areas and missing in others. Tumor cells were positive for thyroid transcription factor-1 and, in 40% of the tumoral mass, also were positive for chromogranin and synaptophysin and were negative for thyroglobulin and calcitonin. Strong nuclear staining for beta-catenin was found in all tumor cells, as was positivity for p53 and cyclin D1. In addition to the germline heterozygous APC Ex 2-3 duplication mutation, a somatic homozygous silent p. Thr1493Thr gene variant was found in the neoplastic cells along with RET/PTC rearrangement. This tumor represents the first case of C-MV of PTC showing neuroendocrine differentiation.
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PMID:Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: molecular characterization of a case with neuroendocrine differentiation and aggressive behavior. 1909 77

Activated Protein C renders anti-apoptotic properties in neurons and endothelial cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo cytoprotective role of Protein C zymogen (PC) administration in septic rat brain. Male Wistar rats (n=60) were subjected to sepsis via Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP). Animals were randomly divided either to receive 100 IU/kg human PC concentrate at 1, 7 and 13 h post CLP (CLP+PC group) or placebo treatment (CLP group). At pre-specified time points (6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h post CLP) five animals from either group were euthanized and the brain tissue was removed. Apoptosis in both neurons (Neu-N+) and astroglia (GFAP+) was assessed by flow cytometry using 7-aminoactinomycin D (7AAD). Immunohistochemical detection of cleaved caspase 3, bax, bcl-2, cytochrome c and caspase 8 was also performed. PC treated animals had significantly reduced apoptosis in neurons at 6 and 24 h post CLP (p=0.04 and p=0.016 respectively) and necrosis at 6, 12 and 60 h post CLP (p=0.008, p=0.012 and p=0.032 respectively). Astrocyte necrosis was also decreased in septic rats receiving PC (6, 12 and 60 h post CLP p=0.008, p=0.016 and p=0.008 respectively). In addition, active caspase 3, bax, cytochrome c and caspase 8 expression was significantly decreased during early sepsis (6-36 h) while bcl-2 expression was increased (24 h p=0.001 and 60 h p=0.001) in the PC treated animals compared to placebo. PC concentrate administration in experimental sepsis produced a time dependent inhibition of apoptosis in rat neurons and astrocytes. The inhibition of sepsis related apoptosis concerned both the mitochondrial and caspase 8 dependent pathways.
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PMID:Administration of Human Protein-C concentrate prevents apoptotic brain cell death after experimental sepsis. 1936 19

Genetics is a well-established but poorly understood determinant of BMD. Whereas some genetic variants may influence BMD throughout the body, others may be skeletal site specific. We initially screened for associations between 4608 tagging and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 383 candidate genes and femoral neck and lumbar spine volumetric BMD (vBMD) measured from QCT scans among 862 community-dwelling white men >or=65 yr of age in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS). The most promising SNP associations (p < 0.01) were validated by genotyping an additional 1156 white men from MrOS. This analysis identified 8 SNPs in 6 genes (APC, DMP1, FGFR2, FLT1, HOXA, and PTN) that were associated with femoral neck vBMD and 13 SNPs in 7 genes (APC, BMPR1B, FOXC2, HOXA, IGFBP2, NFATC1, and SOST) that were associated with lumbar spine vBMD in both genotyping samples (p < 0.05). Although most associations were specific to one skeletal site, SNPs in the APC and HOXA gene regions were associated with both femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD. This analysis identifies several novel and robust genetic associations for volumetric BMD, and these findings in combination with other data suggest the presence of genetic loci for volumetric BMD that are at least to some extent skeletal-site specific.
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PMID:High-density association study of 383 candidate genes for volumetric BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine among older men. 1945 61


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