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We report a new and specific mechanism for iron-mediated neurotoxicity using RCHT cells, which were derived from rat hypothalamus. RCHT cells exhibit immunofluorescent-positive markers for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and the norepinephrine transporter, NET. In the present study, we observed that iron-induced neurotoxicity in RCHT cells was dependent on (i) formation of an Fe-dopamine complex (100 microM FeCl3:100 microM dopamine); (ii) specific uptake of the Fe-dopamine complex into RCHT cells via NET (79+/-2 pmol 59Fe/mg/min; P<0.05), since the uptake of the 59Fe-dopamine complex by the cells was inhibited by 30 microM reboxetine, a specific NET inhibitor (78% inhibition, P<0.001); and (iii) intracellular oxidation of dopamine present in the Fe-dopamine complex to aminochrome; (iv) inhibition of DT-diaphorase, since incubation of RCHT cells with 100 microM Fe-dopamine complex in the presence of 100 microM dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase, induced significant cell death (51+/-5%; P<0.001). However, this cell death was reduced by 75% when the cells were incubated in the presence of 30 microM reboxetine (P<0.01). No significant cell death was observed when the cells were incubated with 100 microM dopamine, 100 microM Fe-Dopamine complex, 100 microM dicoumarol, or 100 microM FeCl3 (8.3+/-2, 9+/-4, 8.5+/-3, or 9.7+/-2% of control, respectively). ESR studies using the spin trapping agent DMPO showed no formation of hydroxyl radicals when the cells were incubated with 100 microM FeCl3 alone. However, using the same ESR technique, the formation of hydroxyl radicals and a carbon-centered radical was detected when the cells were incubated with 100 microM Fe-dopamine complex in the presence of 100 microM dicoumarol. These studies suggest that iron can induce cell toxicity by a mechanism that requires the formation and NET-mediated uptake of an Fe-dopamine complex, ultimately resulting in the intracellular formation of reactive species.
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PMID:Dopamine-dependent iron toxicity in cells derived from rat hypothalamus. 1577 81

We investigate the optoelectronic properties of novel graphene/FeCl3-intercalated few-layer graphene (FeCl3-FLG, dubbed graphexeter) heterostructures using photovoltage spectroscopy. We observe a prominent photovoltage signal generated at the graphene/FeCl3-FLG and graphene/Au interfaces, whereas the photovoltage at the FeCl3-FLG/Au interface is negligible. The sign of the photovoltage changes upon sweeping the chemical potential of the pristine graphene through the charge neutrality point, and we show that this is due to the photothermoelectric effect. Our results are a first step toward all-graphene-based photodetectors and photovoltaics.
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PMID:All-graphene photodetectors. 2359 82