Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gum Arabic (GA), a nonabsorbable nutrient manufactured from the exudate of Acacia senegal, is composed of a complex polysaccharide. GA is used by the pharmaceutical and food industry as an emulsifier but may, at an appropriate dosage, modify intestinal transport. Dendritic cells (DCs) can protrude between epithelial cells and sense the composition of the lumen. As DCs are stimulated by bacterial polysaccharides, we hypothesized that GA may similarly stimulate DCs. To test that hypothesis, mouse DCs were treated with either LPS or GA and expression of maturation markers, phagocytotic activity, cytokine production and ability to stimulate CD4(+) T cells in allogenic mixed leukocyte reaction (allo-MLR) was analyzed. As a result both LPS and GA increased the percentage of CD11c(+)CD86(+), CD11c(+)MHCII(+), CD11c(+)CD40(+), CD54-expressing DCs and decreased their phagocytic activity. Both LPS and GA stimulated the production of IL-6, IL-10, IL12p70 and TNFalpha in a p38- and/or ERK-dependent manner. GA treatment led to an enhanced IL-10 secretion, whereas LPS was more effective on IL-6 and IL-12p70 production. Both LPS- and GA-stimulated DCs enhanced CD4(+) T cell proliferation but the profile of cytokines produced in allo-MLR was different. High levels of IL-10 and IL-6 were observed in the presence of GA-treated DCs, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-12p70 production was similar with LPS- or GA-treated DCs. LPS upregulated p38 and transiently ERK1/2, while GA led to more sustained activation of ERK1/2, only. In conclusion, the observations reveal a powerful immunomodulatory effect of GA.
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PMID:Stimulation of mouse dendritic cells by Gum Arabic. 2051 9

Honey is widely used for treating burns, ulcers and wounds, but the mechanisms of action are poorly known and the product is mainly used as an antimicrobial. We have examined here the wound healing properties of honey on human fibroblasts, using an in vitro scratch wound healing model. Three kinds of widely used monofloral honeys were used, viz. acacia (Robinia pseudacacia), buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.), and manuka (Leptospermum scoparium). Data displayed an increased wound healing activity in fibroblasts, but with different efficiency and mechanisms of action among honeys. The effects of acacia and buckwheat emerged in both scratch wound and chemotaxis assays, while the effect of manuka was significant but lower. The use of inhibitors indicated on the whole an essential role of cytosolic calcium, an important role of ERK and p38, and a secondary role of PI3K. Acacia and buckwheat, but not manuka, induced significant increases in the release of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-8, indicating a correlation between interleukin upregulation and wound closure efficiency. This is consistent with our previous findings suggesting a higher ability of acacia and buckwheat to activate keratinocyte reepithelialization, with respect to manuka honey. In conclusion, our data indicate that acacia and buckwheat honeys are particularly efficient in facilitating fibroblast wound closure activities, suggesting new therapeutic possibilities for this natural product.
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PMID:Honey exposure stimulates wound repair of human dermal fibroblasts. 2757 20