Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A comparative pilot study was undertaken in three centers to determine the time of return of ovulation after the injection of the steroidal contraceptive norethisterone oenanthate (NET-OEN). The effect of the compound on the endometrium and some properties of cervical mucus were also assessed. Increases in plasma progesterone levels suggested that ovulation resumed in all six women in Bahia within 60 days of injection of NET-OEN, whereas in Bangkok and New Delhi only two women in each center ovulated within this time. The difference in the time of return of ovulation between women in Bahia (mean time 42 days) and those in Bangkok and New Delhi (92.5 days) was statistically significant. Follicular function returned earlier than luteal function: all six women in Bahia and Bangkok and five of the six in New Delhi showed evidence of follicular activity within 60 days. All endometrial biopsies, obtained at a time of increased progesterone production, were secretory and suggested that administration of the gestagen did not exert a prolonged suppression of endometrial activity. In general, changes in cervical mucus were consistent with variations in plasma steroid levels.
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PMID:Return of ovarian function and endometrial morphology in women treated with norethisterone oenanthate: a pilot study. 743 10

This is a description of the use of a reversed-phase HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) system for the simultaneous analysis of both steroids, NET (norethisterone) and EE (ethinylestradiol), in a capsule form of combined OCs (oral contraceptives). The method is seen to provide a specific, quick, and accurate assay of the 2 most commonly used steroids. These 2 steriods were extracted from the capsules and quantitated with a HPLC using a bonded octadecylsilane reversed-phase column and a ternary solvent system of water, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phase. Columns from different manufacturers behaved differently with respect to separation parameters for the 2 steroids. 2 problems inherent in the analytic method are: 1) the low ultraviolet molar absorptivity of EE; and 2) the low proportion of EE compared to NET. The described procedure can also be used for analysis of other forms of the combined steroids, e.g., tablets.
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PMID:Determination of ethinylestradiol and norethisterone in an oral contraceptive capsule by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. 745 34

A transcription factor ternary complex composed of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and Ternary Complex Factor (TCF) mediates the response of the c-fos Serum Response Element (SRE) to growth factors and mitogens. Three Ets domain proteins, Elk-1, SAP-1 and ERP/NET, have been reported to have the properties of TCF. Here we compare Elk-1 and SAP-1a with the human ERP/NET homologue SAP-2. All three TCF RNAs are ubiquitously expressed at similar relative levels. All three proteins contain conserved regions that interact with SRF and the c-fos SRE with comparable efficiency, but in vitro complex formation by SAP-2 is strongly inhibited by its C-terminal sequences. Similarly, only Elk-1 and SAP-1a efficiently bind the c-fos SRE in vivo; ternary complex formation by SAP-2 is weak and is substantially unaffected by serum stimulation or v-ras co-expression. All three TCFs contain C-terminal transcriptional activation domains that are phosphorylated following growth factor stimulation. Activation requires conserved S/T-P motifs found in all the TCF family members. Each TCF activation domain can be phosphorylated in vitro by partially purified ERK2, and ERK activation in vivo is sufficient to potentiate transcriptional activation.
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PMID:Comparative analysis of the ternary complex factors Elk-1, SAP-1a and SAP-2 (ERP/NET). 754 Jan 36

The interaction between the cobalt complex of a bleomycin functional model and d(CGCAATTGCG)2 was determined by 2D NMR methods. The intermolecular NOE cross peaks between ligand protons and the DNA minor groove protons suggest that the cobalt complex of AMPHIS-NET binds in the minor groove of DNA at the central AATT site. Also, the NOEs interactions of H8 pyridine proton and H2 imidazole proton in the metal-binding domain with H4' sugar proton of C9 and H4' sugar proton of A15 demonstrate that the sixth ligand site of cobalt complex, which is occupied by a solvent molecule, faces towards the minor groove of DNA. This binding model is in accord with the observed non-diffusion DNA cleavage by the metal-complexes of the bleomycin functional model compounds.
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PMID:Interaction of the cobalt complex of a bleomycin functional model with d(CGCAATTGCG)2: evidence of minor groove binding by 2D NMR methods. 754 92

Irregularity in vaginal bleeding patterns is the most common clinical side effect causing discontinuation of the method reported by the-users of the newer contraceptive methods, especially hormonal ones. An objective assessment of vaginal bleeding pattern is, therefore, critical in evaluation of a new contraceptive method for its acceptance and continued use. The menstrual diary records of women participating in clinical trials of several contraceptive methods undertaken by the Indian Council of Medical Research were analysed. It was observed that the long-acting progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives like levonorgestrel (LNG)-releasing subdermal implants Norplant or intrauterine devices (LNG-IUD) as well as injectable contraceptive NET-EN 200mg given 2 or 3 monthly produced disturbances in bleeding pattern in the majority of their users. Very heavy or prolonged bleeding, a potential health hazard was uncommon and a shift more towards infrequent bleeding was observed. In Norplant-II implants users, 75 to 80% of women had irregularities in bleeding pattern during the first year of use which improved with prolonged use. However, even at 4 years of use, about half of the users of Norplant-II implants continued to have irregular bleeding patterns. The bleeding disturbances occurred in 80% users of 200mg NET-EN injectable contraceptives also during first year of use, however unlike Norplant-II implants users, there was no improvement with prolonged use. Combined monthly injectable contraceptives containing 50mg NET-EN and 5mg estradiol valerate caused less bleeding problems with half of the users experiencing normal pattern during one year of its use. Combined low-dose oral pills, both triphasic and monophasic, produced much better cycle control as compared to any of the other hormonal contraceptive-treated groups; about 90% of combined oral pill users had normal bleeding patterns during one year of method use. The use of copper IUDs was associated with increased bleeding in 18 to 20% of women during the initial period of three months which improved with prolonged use. It was observed that the women having frequent or prolonged bleeding had discontinued the contraceptive method more often as compared to those having delayed bleeding episodes or oligomenorrhoea. However, discontinuation rates due to bleeding irregularities at one year were lower in Norplant-II implants users as compared to other long acting hormonal contraceptive methods such as injectables or IUDs in spite of similar or better bleeding patterns in women using these methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Vaginal bleeding patterns of women using different contraceptive methods (implants, injectables, IUDs, oral pills)--an Indian experience. An ICMR Task Force Study. Indian Council of Medical Research. 762 84

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of estrogen replacement, in concert with three different progestin regimens, on the mechanical properties of rat lumbar vertebrae. Ninety-two Sprague-Dawley rats (11 months old) were divided into six groups for treatment. The first group was an intact control, the second group (OVX) was ovariectomized only, and the third group (estrogen-only) was ovariectomized and received continuous estrogen through a 17 beta-estradiol implant. The remaining groups were ovariectomized and received estrogen and progestin (norethindrone, NET) therapy; 3 micrograms of NET was injected daily (estrogen plus continuous NET), or 6 micrograms of NET was injected for 14 consecutive days of a 28-day cycle (estrogen plus cyclic NET), or for 3 consecutive days of a 6-day cycle (estrogen plus interrupted NET). The animals were sacrificed after 6 months, and the vertebrae were dissected out. The vertebral processes of the fourth lumbar vertebrae were removed, and the density of the vertebral bodies was determined. They were then subjected to compression testing. We found that all three estrogen/progestin regimens maintain bone density and all mechanical properties at a level indistinguishable from the control. However, the cyclic and continuous NET treatment results were, with the exception of density, also indistinguishable from those of the ovariectomized group. The estrogen plus interrupted NET group on the other hand, has a significantly greater compressive modulus and density than the ovariectomized group. In conclusion, with respect to the ovariectomized group, the estrogen plus interrupted NET treatment resulted in a superior density and compressive modulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of different hormone replacement therapy regimens on the mechanical properties of rat vertebrae. 773 21

All cases of nasal polyposis seen in a district hospital in Nigeria over a 5 year period were analysed in a prospective study to determine the aetiological pattern, the prevalence, occurrence and pathological types as well as predisposing factors. Out of the 172 patients treated, 144 had common nasal polyps while 28 patients had nasal polyps resulting from tumors. Out of the 144 patients, 103 had inflammatory polyps, 39 were of allergic origin and 2 due to cystic fibrosis. Peak presentation was between 31-40 years with a total of 58 patients (33.72%). All the patients with nasal polyposis represented 0.74% of all attendances to the ENT clinic over the period. There was no sex difference. Nasal polypectomy was carried out in all the patients while Caldwell-Luc's operation and Antrum Washout were carried out on selected cases. There were recurrences in 18 patients over the period. Delay in reporting to the NET clinic was attributed to ignorance on the part of both the patients and the general practitioners who often treated their presenting symptoms as common cold and catarrh.
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PMID:Nasal polyposis in a Nigerian district hospital. 775 90

Cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive norepinephrine and serotonin transporters (NETs and SERTs) are closely related members of the Na+/Cl- transporter gene family, whose other members include transporters for inhibitory amino acid transmitters, neuromodulators, osmolytes and nutrients. Availability of cloned NET and SERT cDNAs has permitted rapid progress in the definition of cellular sites of gene expression, the generation of transporter-specific antibodies suitable for biosynthetic and localization studies, the examination of structure-function relationships in heterologous expression systems and a biophysical analysis of transporter function. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies indicate a primary expression of NET and SERT genes in brain by noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons, respectively. Both NET and SERT are synthesized as glycoproteins, with multiple glycosylation states apparent for SERT proteins in the brain and periphery. N-glycosylation of NET and SERT appears to be essential for transporter assembly and surface expression, but not for antagonist binding affinity. Homology cloning efforts have revealed novel NET and SERT homologs in nonmammalian species that are of potential value in the delineation of the precise sites for substrate and antagonist recognition, including a Drosophila melanogaster SERT with NET-like pharmacology. Electrophysiological recording of human NETs and SERTs stably expressed in HEK-293 cells reveals that both transporters move charge across the plasma membrane following the addition of substrates; these currents can be blocked by NET-and SERT-selective antagonists as well as by cocaine.
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PMID:Molecular physiology of norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. 782 27

The efficacy of alcohol screening questionnaires, the TWEAK, T-ACE, NET, MAST, and CAGE, in detecting periconceptional risk-drinking, > or = 1 oz absolute alcohol/day, was investigated in 4743 African-American women attending an inner-city prenatal clinic who had reported ever drinking. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, efficiency, follow-up rates, and receiver operating characteristics of the questionnaires were examined to compare the overall effectiveness of the questionnaires and their performance at cut-points defining positive scores ranging from 1 to 3. Relatively little difference between TWEAK, T-ACE, and MAST was seen in the receiver operating characteristic accuracy indices; NET and CAGE lagged behind. Sensitivity/specificity scores for the two questionnaires most sensitive at cut-point 1 were TWEAK (87/72) and T-ACE (83/75). At cut-point 2, sensitivity was optimized with respect to specificity; TWEAK (79/83) was significantly more sensitive than T-ACE (70/85; p = 0.002). At cut-point 3, the two most sensitive tests were MAST (61/92) and TWEAK (59/94). In general, measures of merit were not greatly affected by the time between conception and the administration of the screens. Screening was most sensitive for women interviewed during the first 15 weeks of pregnancy; risk-drinkers tended to delay entry into prenatal care, increasing positive predictive values associated with screening later in pregnancy. This study confirms the utility, when screening for risk-drinking during pregnancy, of brief questionnaires that assess alcohol intake indirectly by asking women about their tolerance to alcohol's effects, psychological consequences of drinking, and significant others' concern about their drinking. It validates T-ACE and provides preliminary data indicating that TWEAK may outperform T-ACE.
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PMID:Screening for pregnancy risk-drinking. 784 99

Growth, development and health of infants whose mothers used progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation were examined in a prospective, non-randomized study carried out in seven centres in five countries (Egypt, Thailand, Kenya, Chile and Hungary). The results on growth are reported here. Breastfeeding women requesting effective contraception were admitted to the study at six weeks postpartum. Infants of acceptors of progestogen-only methods (pill, DMPA, NET-EN or NORPLANT implants) and non-hormonal methods (IUD, barrier methods or sterilization) formed the study groups. The follow-up was at monthly intervals until the end of the first postpartum year. Participating in the study were 2466 mother-infant pairs. The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding varied from 68 to 159 days, but did not differ significantly between study groups within centres. In anthropometric measures (weight, arm circumference and triceps skinfold), the mean rates of change varied over time as expected, and across the centres. However, there were very few statistically significant differences in these rates of change between groups within centres. Since a large number of statistical comparisons were made, and there was no consistency either across centres, over time, or in the direction of the differences, we conclude that in this study, the progestogen-only contraceptives used during lactation did not adversely affect infant growth.
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PMID:Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: I. Infant growth. World Health Organization Task force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health; Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. 792 21


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