Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hips and lower extremities of four complete paraplegic male subjects (T-6, T-7, T-8, and T-11) were stimulated with functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) via transcutaneous intramuscular electrodes (20 mA, 0-150 pulse width, and 20 Hz). Cardiopulmonary (CP) and/or cardiovascular (CV) responses were measured during maximal (seated) arm ergometry (AE), FNS, and FNS + AE. Subjects' lower extremities were stimulated with a 2 s walking cycle via a microprocessor computer. Data were collected with a SensorMedic MMC Horizon (VO2 and VCO2 at STPD and VE at BPTS). The mean MET level (1 MET = 3.5 ml O2/kg/min) during FNS was 4.8. Mean METS during FNS + AE was 10.3 and mean METS for AE was 7.2. Mean lactic acid (LA) after FNS, AE, and FNS + AE was 73 mg percent, 77 mg percent and 115 mg percent respectively. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (VCO2/VO2) was greater than 1.2 during the first 2 to 5 min of FNS but decreased to less than 1.0 during the second 5 min of FNS. Steady state VO2 and RER less than 1.0 indicated a FNS transition from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism. Subject T-11 had CV limitations during FNS and FNS + AE due to excessive LA from FNS (115 mg percent). Ventilatory (VE) responses during AE, FNS, and FNS + AE were consistent with VO2; and mean maximal VE and VO2 for subjects T-6, T-7, and T-8 during FNS + AE was greater than 90 percent of that observed in sedentary normals. The aerobic and anaerobic capacities of paraplegic subjects is primarily limited by available muscle mass rather than impaired CV or CP function.
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PMID:Metabolic responses to arm ergometry and functional neuromuscular stimulation. 236 94

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill has led to the use of >1 M gallons of oil spill dispersants, which are mixtures of surfactants and solvents. Because of this large scale use there is a critical need to understand the potential for toxicity of the currently used dispersant and potential alternatives, especially given the limited toxicity testing information that is available. In particular, some dispersants contain nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), which can degrade to nonylphenol (NP), a known endocrine disruptor. Given the urgent need to generate toxicity data, we carried out a series of in vitro high-throughput assays on eight commercial dispersants. These assays focused on the estrogen and androgen receptors (ER and AR), but also included a larger battery of assays probing other biological pathways. Cytotoxicity in mammalian cells was also quantified. No activity was seen in any AR assay. Two dispersants showed a weak ER signal in one assay (EC50 of 16 ppm for Nokomis 3-F4 and 25 ppm for ZI-400). NPs and NPEs also had a weak signal in this same ER assay. Note that Corexit 9500, the currently used product, does not contain NPEs and did not show any ER activity. Cytotoxicity values for six of the dispersants were statistically indistinguishable, with median LC50 values approximately 100 ppm. Two dispersants, JD 2000 and SAF-RON GOLD, were significantly less cytotoxic than the others with LC50 values approaching or exceeding 1000 ppm.
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PMID:Analysis of eight oil spill dispersants using rapid, in vitro tests for endocrine and other biological activity. 2060 30