Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the last few years, major advances have been achieved in our understanding and treatment of chronic instability of the knee joint. The central hub (ACL and PCL) is the most important stabilizing element, and its rupture usually results in slipping knee, pain and recurrent hydrarthrosis, which are particularly frequent and severe in athletes. However, in some circumstances the loss of the anterior cruciate ligament can be compensated for by other stabilizing elements or by an excellent musculature. In patients with slipping knee, clinical, radiological and even arthroscopic examinations are necessary to decide on the treatment to be applied. This treatment depends on the importance and type of laxity, on the presence or absence of meniscal and cartilaginous lesions, on the degree of functional impairment and on the patient's life style. Several methods can be used, from rehabilitation alone to the replacement of the deficient ligament(s) by autografts or artificial ligaments. Treatment should not be stereotyped, and only specialist can determine the best method for each individual patient.
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PMID:[Chronic instability of the knee]. 260 78

PCL injuries are major injuries of the knee. Most of the literature on PCL injury has focused on mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and treatment. We are presenting a review of the anatomy of the PCL. Different portions of the PCL are taut at different degrees of knee flexion and extension. The PCL, thus, along with the ACL, contributes to the "screwhome mechanism" of the knee. The anatomy of the meniscofemoral ligaments (ligaments of Wrisberg and Humphrey) reveals the intimate relationship among the PCL, the popliteus muscle, and the lateral meniscus. Understanding the anatomy of the PCL is important in the diagnosis and treatment of ligamentous injuries and also in total knee arthroplasty.
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PMID:Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament. A review. 264 73

We measured how the distance between selected tibial and femoral attachments of the PCL changes with knee flexion in six intact cadaver knee. The femoral location was the primary determinant of whether the distance increased, decreased, or remained nearly constant. The proximal-distal location of a fiber's femoral attachment had a stronger effect than had the anterior-posterior location. The tibial location had only a small statistically significant effect. These results suggest that the function of fibers within the PCL is determined primarily by their femoral attachment location. We determined all femoral attachments whose tibio-femoral distance changed 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm during flexion from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. No absolutely isometric point existed. Attachments whose separation distance changed less than 2 mm formed a bullet-shaped region whose base was against the roof of the intercondylar notch and whose nose pointed posteriorly and slightly distally. The axis of the "bullet" was near the proximal edge of the femoral insertion of the PCL. Along the axis, anterior attachments, located near the roof of the intercondylar notch, were more isometric than were posterior attachments, located near the cartilage. Attachments located distal to the axis moved away from the tibial insertion of the PCL when the knee was flexed. The more distal the femoral attachment, the larger the increase in tibiofemoral distance that occurred with flexion. The opposite was true of attachments proximal to the 2 mm region.
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PMID:Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachments. Part I: The posterior cruciate ligament. 266 77

41 patients were follow up in whom a posterior chamber lens was implanted despite of ruptured posterior capsule. Follow-up period was 9 months to 5 years: 30 lenses were well centered, 7 were slightly decentrated, 2 were strongly decentrated. In 2 cases the lens was luxated into the vitreous. CME was observed in two cases and retinal detachment in 5 cases. In 6 selected patients without posterior capsule, a 2-loop PCL (Simcoe-type) was implanted by controlled suture-fixation into the ciliary sulcus. The inferior haptic was sutured directly in the 6 o'clock position while the superior haptic (12 o'clock) was fixed indirectly by an "iris flap" (made from the "iridectomy") which was turned posteriorly. Follow-up period of 1-2 years: no decentration, vitreous in the anterior chamber in 2 cases.
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PMID:[Long-term follow-up following posterior chamber lens implantation with defective or absent posterior chamber]. 268 21

A prospective study was performed on 50 patients who were thought or suspected to have cruciate ligament tears. Each patient had a clinical examination preoperatively and under anesthesia and instrumented examination using the MedMetric KT-1000 arthrometer, Stryker knee laxity tester, and Genucom knee analysis. The diagnosis was confirmed by arthrotomy or arthroscopy. Thirty had acute knee injuries (within 2 weeks), 9 had subacute (2 weeks to 3 months), and 11 had chronic injuries. The surgical findings demonstrated that five had other maladies, but no cruciate ligament tears. Two had a partial ACL tear, and the remaining 43 patients had at least one cruciate tear. The preoperative clinical examination for cruciate ligament integrity was completely correct in 92%, correct but incomplete in 6%, and incorrect in 2%. Examination under anesthesia was correct in 98%, the KT-1000 was correct in 75% (involved knee minus noninvolved knee was greater than or equal to 3 mm laxity equal to ACL tear), the Stryker was correct in 75%, and Genucom in 70%. The average laxity of those with ACL tears was 4.4 mm with the KT-1000, 4.6 mm with the Stryker, and 2.0 mm with the Genucom. The methods of testing with the Stryker and the KT-1000 are similar and the laxity recorded in patients with a torn ACL were almost identical. However, the KT-1000 can be used to identify the quadriceps neutral position and therefore more accurately determine PCL instability. The Genucom has the most versatility, but the laxity recorded in patients with a torn ACL was significantly lower than the other devices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preoperative instrumented testing of anterior and posterior knee laxity. 272 89

We report our observation on the "empty wall" and "vertical strut" signs of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency. ACL tears most commonly occur in the midsubstance; arthroscopic evaluation of patients with these tears often reveals minimal evidence of previous ACL tissue along the intercondylar wall, thus giving the appearance of an "empty wall." In proximal ACL tears, the long remnant of ACL tissue may adhere to adjacent PCL tissue. Arthroscopically, one may see this vertically oriented strut of tissue, which to the casual arthroscopist may mimic a normal-appearing ACL except for orientation and tension. In addition, the "empty wall" sign will be noted because the lateral intercondylar wall becomes easily visible following ACL injury. In two separate prospective studies of 84 such patients, the combined incidence of the empty wall sign was 82%, and the incidence of the vertical strut sign was 50%. These findings should be sought for meticulously at the time of arthroscopic evaluation. The vertical strut should not be misinterpreted as an aberrantly oriented ACL or partial ACL tear.
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PMID:"Empty wall" and "vertical strut" signs of ACL insufficiency. 273 10

1. The present work undertakes a comparative study on the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) porphyria induction in female rats of Wistar and CHBBTHOM strains. The purpose was to characterize the CHBBTHOM strain with respect to the haem metabolic pathway, its regulatory mechanisms and its response to foreign drugs. 2. After 7 weeks of treatment it was observed that the hepatic porphyrins increased 140 times, ALA-synthase 4 times and PCL was 73% inhibited in the Wistar strain. 3. On the other hand the animals of CHBBTHOM strain showed lesser alteration on these parameters; hepatic porphyrins increased only 3-fold, ALA-synthase 1.7-fold and PLC was only 22% inhibited. 4. Total iron liver content was nearly equal in both strains of rats. 5. The results obtained would indicate that the lower susceptibility of the CHBBTHOM strain to acquire porphyria does not seem to be due to either: (1) congenital alterations of any parameters of the haem metabolic pathway, since the behaviour of normal animals from both strains was similar; or (2) a lower hepatic iron content in such animals. 6. These findings would suggest that the differential response to HCB to this strain would be looked for in another metabolic pathway, such as that involved in the metabolization process of the toxic.
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PMID:Influence of the strain of rats on the induction of hexachlorobenzene induced porphyria. 274 8

Computed tomography (CT) with arthrography, a method not requiring anesthesia, has worked well in cruciate ligament damage diagnosis, particularly in the detection of PCL damage and in differentiation between ACL and PCL lesions. Evidence has been produced of its superior accuracy by comparison, in the study of 40 patients, among clinical findings, findings obtained from initial radiography, and diagnostic data produced by CT alone. Reference is also made to false interpretations in the context of clinical examination and CT.
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PMID:Noninvasive diagnosis of cruciate ligament damage with particular reference to computed tomography with arthrography. 278 34

The arrhythmogenic role of increased dispersion of repolarization (Dispersion) in monophasic action potentials (MAPs) was studied in 12 open-chest dogs. Following exposure of the heart by pericardial cradle, four MAPs were recorded simultaneously from the right and left ventricular surfaces using the suction electrode technique. Maximum dispersion (maxDIS) was defined as the greatest Dispersion between any two of the four MAPs in atrial pacing and ventricular premature stimulation (VPS). Dispersion was increased by warming the heart with a heat lamp and regional cooling with a cold saline (2-4 degrees C) drip. In control experiments maxDIS in atrial pacing (PCL: 500 ms) was 21 +/- 10 ms. MaxDIS was increased when the VPS was applied at the right ventricular apex (RVa) (maxDIS: 73 +/- 17 ms), at the left ventricular base (LVb) (maxDIS: 78 +/- 34 ms), and at the left ventricular apex (LVa) (maxDIS: 89 +/- 20 ms). Ventricular fibrillation, however was not induced by any VPSs. Warming the heart and regional cooling increased Dispersion from the control value to 180 +/- 58 ms (p less than 0.001), mainly because of the increased MAP duration difference (delta MAPD) in atrial pacing, but no ventricular fibrillation occurred spontaneously. VPS applied at the LVa induced ventricular fibrillation following marked increase of maxDIS, which was due to added contributions of delta MAPD and the maximal difference between activation times (delta AT). With RVb cooling ventricular fibrillation was induced in 16/20 cases (80%) (maxDIS: 286 +/- 124 ms), with RVa cooling in 6/9 cases (67%) (maxDIS: 263 +/- 109 ms), and with LVb cooling in 11/23 cases (48%) (maxDIS: 172 +/- 67 ms). There was significant linear correlation between maxDIS and delta AT (r = 0.88, p less than 0.01), and also delta MAPD (r = 0.80, p less than 0.01). We conclude that the increased Dispersion plays an important role in the induction of ventricular fibrillation. This temperature gradient model is a favorable tool to study the role of Dispersion as one of the important factors which induce ventricular fibrillation.
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PMID:[A study on the role of the dispersion of repolarization in the induction of ventricular fibrillation using the suction electrode technique]. 280 46

Chromosome studies were done on 73 patients with multiple myeloma and three patients with plasma cell leukemia. Eighteen of 76 patients (24%) had chromosomally abnormal clones, including all three patients with PCL. The most common anomalous chromosomes were #1, #14, and #12. In addition, i(17q) was found in two patients with plasma cell leukemia. Among newly diagnosed patients there was no difference in survival for those with abnormal karyotypes and those with normal karyotypes. Among previously diagnosed patients receiving treatment, however, individuals with an abnormal clone had a significantly higher mortality during the first 2 years compared to those with a normal clone. Patients with no growth of metaphases in their bone marrow aspirate had a significantly lower mortality than other patients (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:Occurrence and type of chromosomal abnormalities in consecutive malignant monoclonal gammopathies: correlation with survival. 318 5


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