Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay on total cell lysates, we have detected unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA in chronically infected T-lymphocytic (ACH-2, J1) and promyelocytic (OM-10.1) cell lines. Treatment with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) or soluble CD4 inhibited accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA about 10-fold within 72 h; removal of AZT permitted recovery to pretreatment levels within 72 h. Our results indicate that unintegrated HIV-1 DNA is unstable in these cell lines and originates from a continuous process of reinfection. OM-10.1 cells had relatively high levels of surface CD4 by flow cytometry and high levels of unintegrated viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction. ACH-2 cells had very low levels of both surface CD4 and unintegrated viral DNA. However, J1 cells, with surface CD4 below the level of detection of flow cytometry had a high level of unintegrated viral DNA similar to that of OM-10.1 cells. This implies that the number of CD4 receptors is not rate limiting for reinfection.
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PMID:Unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in chronically infected cell lines is not correlated with surface CD4 expression. 201 76

We evaluated the usefulness of serum ACE, BALF lymphocyte%, CD4+/CD8+ ratio when diagnosing pulmonary parenchymal lesion in patients with sarcoidosis. The results showed the substantial usefulness but lesser specificity. Furthermore, we evaluated the values of the above three parameters in terms of the judgment of the disease activity and the reliability for foreseeing the prognosis in BHL sarcoidosis. Elevated serum ACH had a good relationship with the disease activity in both nonsmoker and smoker cases. BALF lymphocyte % also had in smoker cases. But none of three parameters showed a significant relationship with the prognosis in BHL sarcoidosis.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and parameters for the evaluation of disease activity and prognosis in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis]. 216 36

We investigated the role of protein kinase C in the mechanical responses evoked by high K or by acetylcholine (ACh) in intact vascular smooth muscle tissues, and by Ca in skinned vascular smooth muscle tissues. To activate protein kinase C, the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter, or 1,2-diolein, plus phosphatidylserine (PS) was used. TPA enhanced or reduced the amplitude of the contraction evoked by increased concentrations of K below 39 mmol/L or over 90 mmol/L, respectively, but consistently enhanced the resting tension at any given concentration of high K. Similar effects of TPA were observed on the Ca-induced contraction in saponin skinned muscle tissues. The enhancing action of TPA on the K-induced contraction was not related to activation of either the voltage-dependent Ca channel or the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and did not occur in the case of Ca-independent contraction in skinned muscle tissues. During the enhancement of the contraction induced by TPA, the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and the shortening velocity of contraction as measured using the slack test, were enhanced with no remarkable change in the free Ca concentration in the cytosol. TPA consistently inhibited the ACH-induced contraction accompanied by a marked reduction in free Ca due to inhibition of the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Under the assumption that TPA possesses the same action as DG, activation of protein kinase C increased the Ca sensitivity of contractile proteins in vascular smooth muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Roles of protein kinase C on the mechanical activity of vascular smooth muscles. 222 71

Tyrosine phosphorylation is important in the transmission of growth and differentiation signals; known tyrosine kinases include several oncoproteins and growth factor receptors. Interestingly, some differentiated cell types, such as erythrocytes and platelets contain high amounts of phosphotyrosine. We analyzed tyrosine kinases expressed in the K-562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, which has a bipotential erythroid and megakaryoblastoid differentiation capacity. Analysis of 359 polymerase chain reaction-amplified cDNA clones led to the identification of 14 different tyrosine kinase-related sequences (JTK1-14). Two of the clones (JTK2 and JTK4) represent unusual members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene family, and the clones JTK5, JTK11, and JTK14 may also belong to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases but lack a close relationship to any known tyrosine kinase. Each of these different genes has its own characteristic expression pattern in K-562 cells and several other human tumor cell lines. In addition, the JTK11 and JTK14 mRNAs are induced during the megakaryoblastoid differentiation of K-562 cells. These tyrosine kinases may have a role in the differentiation of megakaryoblasts or in the physiology of platelets.
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PMID:Putative tyrosine kinases expressed in K-562 human leukemia cells. 224 64

Junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors were characterized in diaphragm muscle obtained from mature adult and aged rats. Rhodamine-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin was used to visualize receptor localization. At this level of resolution, there were no major changes in receptor distribution, and nerve terminals were consistently associated with receptors and vice versa. Specific binding characteristics were assayed by measuring 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding. Maximal binding to intact junctional and extrajunctional tissue samples was greater in the older rats. The association rate constant in minced tissue decreased in the older animals. Retardation of the initial rate of toxin binding by d-tubocurarine was described by a two-component nonlinear Hofstee plot; values of Ki were about the same for both age groups, but there was a significant shift towards the low-affinity values in the aged rats. Miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s.) were recorded under voltage-clamp conditions before and after AChE inhibition. When AChE activity was inhibited m.e.p.c. amplitudes and decay time-constants increased in both age groups. The magnitude of these increases was larger in the older animals. Inhibition of AChE did not affect mean channel open time, which was estimated from spectral analyses of ACH-induced membrane noise. Lipid composition was assayed in whole muscle and isolated sarcolemma. Muscle cholesterol concentration rose 15-20 percent, but phospholipid concentrations were maintained. However, neither cholesterol, phospholipid levels, nor membrane fluidity changed significantly with age in isolated sarcolemmal membrane fractions. These data indicate that the numbers of junctional and extrajunctional receptors increase with age. In the junctional region, this is quite likely due to an expanded field of receptors and not an increased density. This is associated with an increased fraction of receptors with lower binding affinity during aging. These changes apparently are not caused by major changes in membrane fluidity or lipid composition.
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PMID:Changes in acetylcholine receptor distribution and binding properties at the neuromuscular junction during aging. 228 41

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is an immunoregulatory cytokine capable of inducing viral expression in cells chronically infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), such as the promonocytic line U1 and the T-lymphocytic line ACH-2. In the present study, we demonstrate an autocrine mechanism of TNF-alpha-mediated HIV induction. Stimulation of U1 and ACH-2 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in the induction of TNF-alpha mRNA and the secretion of TNF-alpha. Of note is the fact that anti-TNF-alpha antibodies significantly suppressed the expression of HIV in PMA-stimulated U1 and ACH-2 cells. Furthermore, anti-TNF-alpha antibodies also suppressed both the constitutive and inducible levels of viral expression in the chronically infected promonocytic clone U33.3. This study illustrates the interrelationship between the regulation of HIV expression and normal immunoregulatory mechanisms in that virus expression, both constitutive and induced, can be modulated by an autocrine pathway involving TNF-alpha, a cytokine involved in the complex network of regulation of the normal human immune response.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor alpha functions in an autocrine manner in the induction of human immunodeficiency virus expression. 230 May 61

U1 and ACH-2 cells are subclones of HIV-1-infected monocyte/macrophage-like and T lymphocyte cell lines, respectively, which express the HIV-1 genome at very low levels. We have examined whether they might provide a model of HIV-1 latency. The patterns of HIV-1-specific RNA expressed in these cells consisted of singly and multiply spliced RNA species, with little or no full-length genomic RNA. Upon stimulation with agents that activate the HIV-1 long terminal repeat in these cells, a marked rise in the amount of small mRNAs, encoding the viral regulatory proteins, preceded the increase in the unspliced RNA. Thus, U1 and ACH-2 cells maintain HIV-1 in a state equivalent to the early phase of a lytic infection and, after stimulation, recapitulate the events of a single cycle infection of highly susceptible target cells.
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PMID:Cells nonproductively infected with HIV-1 exhibit an aberrant pattern of viral RNA expression: a molecular model for latency. 236 29

We investigated 10 healthy control subjects, 15 asthmatics without occupational exposure to isocyanate, and 45 "isocyanate workers" with workplace-related respiratory symptoms. In none of the cases did the skin test or the IgE-RAST reveal a type I sensitisation to isocyanate. The investigation programme included a lung function test, provocation with metacholine or acetylcholine, and an isocyanate challenge test under controlled clinical conditions. A total of 17 "isocyanate workers", and 1 asthma patient with no occupational exposure to isocyanate revealed a positive bronchial obstructive reaction to the isocyanate challenge test. In 10 of the patients, the MCH (ACH) test was positive; 2 were chronically obstructive, but 6 patients showed no signs of bronchial hyperreactivity. No significant differences in the severity of the bronchial obstructive reaction induced by isocyanate exposure were observed between patients with and those without bronchial hyperreactivity. In the group of "isocyanate workers", the isocyanate challenge test was observed to be superior to the MCH (ACH) provocation test in terms of sensitivity (0.68 versus 0.62) and specificity (1.0 versus 0.61), this difference being more obvious in the overall group (sensitivity 0.71 versus 0.62; specificity 0.98 versus 0.49).
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PMID:[Diagnosis of irritative-toxic isocyanate asthma with the isocyanate exposure test]. 236 73

The anatomic distribution of classical neurotransmitters, i.e. NA, DA, 5HT, ACH and GABA in the post-mortem autopsied brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been reviewed. In addition, the results and reviews reported in this paper give evidence for the change of a large number of neuropeptides in AD on the basis of immunohistochemical criteria. Among numerous peptidergic systems, abnormalities in SP, SS, NT and VIP have been observed. Therefore, no changes in the concentrations of CCK and TRH were reported. In this study, using immunohistochemical methods for SS changes in post-mortem brain material of three cases of AD and two controls, the following changes were observed: An important reduction of the SS-positive cell bodies and fibres in the cortex, the hippocampus, parahippocampic cortex, and neocortex, particularly in the parietal and frontal areas, as well as a reduction of SS cell bodies and fibres in the sub-cortical white matter. An amorphous SS-positive material in or close to the corona of a number of senile plaques. An important decrease of SS fibres and cell bodies in the lateral septi nuclei. An increase of the number and immunoreactive intensity of SS-positive fibres in the substantia innominata. In animal studies, an interaction between SS- and ACH turnover in the substantia innominata is reported. The GABA decrease as well as the SS deficit in the cortex area and sub-cortical white matter may lead to the interaction between SS and other neurotransmitters in AD.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in Alzheimer's disease: a review and morphological results. 243 29

A T cell clone (ACH-2) derived from T cells infected with HIV-1 was found to produce HIV-1 in response to stimulation with a monokine-enriched supernatant prepared by culturing human monocyte/macrophages with bacterial LPS (LPS-MO SN). Monokine induction of ACH-2 cells resulted in augmented virus production reflected by an increase in reverse transcriptase activity and in the synthesis of all major viral proteins. Examination of the cells by indirect immunofluorescence revealed that 10 to 15% of uninduced cells constitutively expressed HIV proteins, whereas 100% showed positive immunofluorescence in response to LPS-MO SN. This induction of virus by LPS-MO SN resulted in approximately a 100-fold increase of infectious virus production over uninduced ACH-2 cells. LPS alone could not induce HIV-1 expression, whereas LPS-MO SN resulted in the greatest virus expression. Cell separation studies confirmed the source of the inducing factor(s) to be cells bearing the mature monocyte/macrophage marker, Leu M3. Biochemical fractionation of the LPS-MO SN suggested that one or more factors, having apparent Mr of approximately 45 kDa, were involved in this induction. Absorption of the LPS-MO SN with immunoaffinity gels specific for human TNF-alpha was shown to completely remove the HIV inducing activity for the ACH-2 cell line.
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PMID:Monokine regulation of human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression in a chronically infected human T cell clone. 246 7


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