Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence and production of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were investigated in the hypothalamus and neural lobe of the rat. Theophylline (concentrations from 10(-3) to 8 X 10(-3) M) increased the in vitro content of cAMP in the isolated neural lobe and in hypothalamic tissue samples containing supraoptic (SO) or paraventricular (PV) nuclei. Acetylcholine (ACH; 10(-2) and 10(-4) M) or carbachol (10(-4) M) did not increase cAMP content in the isolated neural lobe. Small increases were apparent (p less than 0.05, t-test for paired samples) in the hypothalamus. The amounts of cAMP were significantly higher in isolated neural lobes but not in hypothalami of NaCl-treated or lactating as compared to control rats. Presence of cAMP in the neural lobe and activation of adenylate cyclase under stimulated hormone release conditions indicate a possible involvement of cAMP in the process of neurohypophysial hormone secretion.
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PMID:Cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of normal, NaCl-treated and lactating rats. 19 64

The influence of bilateral transection of the nervi laryngici cranialis, laryngici caudalis and glossopharyngici on ACH and allergen-induced bronchoconstriction was tested in 15 dogs. In three dogs the free preparation of bilateral nervi laryngici cranialis was performed for control measurements. Partial transection of pulmonary left nervus vagus was performed in three dogs and compared to radical transection of the same nerve in three animals. Transection of the nervi laryngici cranialis as well as of the nervi glossopharyngici was followed by the inhibition of the allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. The bronchoconstriction following ACH challenge was not influenced by transection. Bronchoconstriction induced by allergen returned to the same values within three weeks after surgical intervention. Partial unilateral dissection of the vagus nerve on lung hilus shows a small decrease in bronchial constriction induced by allergen and by ACH. Complete unilateral dissection of the vagus nerve on the lung hilus reduced the bronchial constrictoric response to both substances significantly.
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PMID:The role of upper airways and of sensoric receptors on reflex bronchoconstriction. 43 44

The response to prolonged antigen exposure and the potentiation of airway resistance increase to ACH challenge, after this exposure, were studied on sixteen boxer dogs. One group of animals presented fatigue to A.E. after 3 hours of exposure. This group developed an increased response to ACH aerosol after fatigue to antigen was present. In a second group of dogs, absence of fatigue during prolonged exposure to allergen was observed. A growing tendency of Edyn (as an index of airway resistance) was observed after 5 hours of exposure. The therapeutical influence of bilateral vagus blockade was tested in these last animals. Blockade of nervus vagus released airway obstruction during prolonged allergen exposure and no bronchoconstriction was observed after ACH challenge during blockade.
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PMID:Fatigue of airway obstruction during long-term exposure to allergen aerosol. 59 97

1. Conflicting qualitative evidence exists concerning the effects on chemoreceptor activity of some drugs which influence the cholinergic system. Quantitative evidence has been obtained in the present study which should resolve the conflict. 2. Experiments were performed in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats in which the activity of chemoreceptor units in the sinus nerve was used to assess chemoreceptor responses. The effects of drugs on responses to I.A. ACH and NaCN were determined from dose-response data obtained from several animals and expressed as mean dose ratios 3. The chemoreceptor response to ACh was slightly inhibited by atropine, alpha- and beta-bungarotoxin and HC-3, almost completely suppressed by mecamylamine, and markedly potentiated by physostigmine. 4. Concomitant responses to NaCN were unaffected by atropine, beta-bungarotoxin, mecamylamine or physostigmine. There was a slight inhibition following alpha-bungarotoxin and a potentiation after HC-3. 5. The results do not support the theory that ACh is an excitatory sensory transmitter in the carotid body.
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PMID:A quantitative study of the effects of cholinergic drugs on carotid chemoreceptors in the cat. 59 57

In anesthetized and spinal cats the influence of microionophoretic local injections of acetylcholine and noradrenaline into different layers of grey substance of lumbar segments of the spinal cord were studied with aid of monosynaptic EPSPs of motoneurons. Injections of ACH and NA in the surface layers of the grey substance of dorsal horn induced depression of monosynaptic reactions. In the area of 6--7 layers ACH induced a weak depression, while NA significantly increased the reflex responses. In the given arrangement of motoneurons NA depressed and ACH facilitated extensor and flexor monosynaptic reactions of motoneurons.
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PMID:[Microiontophoretic study of the effect of acetylcholine and noradrenaline on the monosynaptic reflex activity of the spinal cord]. 72 40

The bronchomotoric reaction following ACH-aerosol in low concentrations is dependend on the position of the body on dogs. Up till one maximal reaction the increase of the airway resistance is always stronger in the lateral position. Nevertheless the breathing minute volume is constant. Concentration reaction curves will be shown. Arterial blood gases, heart rate, and pressure in the arteria femoralis were also measured. The different strongness of the reaction following ACH-inhalation will be caused by the predominantely unilateral ventilation of the animals in the lateral position.
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PMID:[Reaction of the cardio-respiratory-system following acetylcholine inhalation and the dependency from the body position on anaesthetised dogs (author's transl)]. 98 17

A comparison was made of the effects of vasopressin (ADH), methoxamine (MX), and angiotensin II (AN) on coronary and left ventricular dynamics, cardiac output, and regional blood flow distribution in intact, consci9us dogs. At an equal percent pressure elevation, ADH reduced cardiac output and cardiac rate the most, while AN had the least effect. After denervation of arterial baroreceptors, ADH still reduced heart rate, while AN increased it, suggesting nonbaroreceptor negative and positive chronotropic effects, respectively. A differential pattern on peak dP/dt was also observed, with ACH causing a greater reduction than MX while AN did not decrease dP/dt. With heart rate held constant, AN did not reduce dP/dt, suggesting a direct positive inotropic effect since dP/dt should have fallen slightly due to reflex mechanisms, as was observed with MX and ADH. ADH induced the greatest increase in coronary resistance (140%), while the least (46%) was observed with AN, which could be explained, in part, by the differential effects observed on cardiac rate and contractility. The greatest increase in resistance in the iliac bed occurred with ADH (30%), and the least with AN (34%). Conversely, the greatest constriction in the renal bed occurred with AN (95%), and lesser amounts were observed with ADH (36%) and MX (35%). Thus ADH, MX, and AN exert potent yet differential vasoconstricting actions on peripheral beds. In addition, while all three agents elicited coronary vasoconstriction, the differential effects on coronary vascular resistance appeared to be due predominantly to a difference in chronotropic and inotropic actions.
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PMID:Effects of angiotensin, vasopressin, and methoxamine on cardiac function and blood flow distribution in conscious dogs. 99 4

A series of spin labeled acetycholine analogs, in which the number of methylene groups between the quaternary nitrogen and the alcohol oxygen ranged between 1-5, have been examined as inhibitors of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Evidence is presented suggesting that inhibition of acetylocholinesterase by the spin labeled ACH analogs is due to the high affinity of these compounds for the enzyme, inhibition is competitive and reversible. It has been shown that complex formation is of major importance in the reaction between spin labeled ACH analogs and acetylcholinesterase. The acetylation step has been shown to occur by demonstrating that the leaving group is released as the reaction proceeds. Complex formation has been demonstrated by means of kinetic criteria. Kinetic parameter have been measured for the five compounds, and correlations with alkaline hydrolysis are disussed.
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PMID:Kinetics of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by spin labeled acetylcholine analogs. 103 14

The TEAG rosette test was not devised as an immediate diagnostic indicator, but in order to detect gross differences over a period of time between the lymphocytes of patients with conditions where immune complexes may be formed, and those of normal people. In summary these results indicate that:- 1. Percentage TEAG rosettes were highly significantly increased in patients with SLE, active chronic hepatitis and carcinoma of lung compared with normal controls, when the tests were performed on suspensions, containing over 90% lymphocytes, separated from peripheral blood. 2. Estimates of mean B lymphocytes plus blood monocytes in the separated suspensions, as measured by EAC rosettes (and peroxidase and differential counts for monocytes) are exceeded by TEAG-rosetting cells in the patients tested. 3. Tests on patients with chronic autoimmune conditions (e.g. ACH and SLE) do not show a highly significant difference from normal controls with respect to mean total cells forming E-rosettes. 4. It may be speculated that some TEAG rosettes are formed by T-cells which could have immune complexes or autologous anti-lymphocyte globulin on their surface and that such a condition may account for the depressed T-cell function found in these conditions.
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PMID:Lymphocyte surface-attached immunoglobulins in some clinical conditions. 108 63

The findings was confirmed that there is a "rebound" increase of stored acetylcholine (ACh) in cat superior cervical ganglia conditioned by prolonged preganglionic stimulation at a frequency high enough to cause initial depletion of the store. Ganglia removed immediately after 60 min of continuous or interrupted stimulation at 50 Hz, with chloralose as anesthetic, contained about 30% more ACh than their unconditioned controls; the rebound rose to about 60% after 15 min of rest and then subsided with an apparent half-time of about 2 h. Tests with hemicholinium, combined with hexamethonium or tubocurarine, showed that rebound ACh was located presynaptically and could be released by nerve impulses; but conditioned ganglia perfused with an eserine-containing medium did not release more ACh than their unconditioned controls, except in circumstances in which the mobilization of ACh from a reserve store appeared to be the rate-limiting process for release. The appearance of rebound ACh during and after conditioning stimulation was suppressed by hexamethonium and by tubocurarine, neither of which has much effect on ACh turnover in ganglia excited at lower frequencies, but not only by atropine, noradrenaline, or phenoxybenzamine. The formation of rebound ACH is thus contingent on the postsynaptic nicotinic response to released ACh, and may represent an augmentation of the transmitter store in structures remote from the release sites.
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PMID:A prolonged after-effect of intense synaptic activity on acetylcholine in a sympathetic ganglion. 113 42


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