Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The TEAG rosette test was not devised as an immediate diagnostic indicator, but in order to detect gross differences over a period of time between the lymphocytes of patients with conditions where immune complexes may be formed, and those of normal people. In summary these results indicate that:- 1. Percentage TEAG rosettes were highly significantly increased in patients with SLE, active chronic hepatitis and carcinoma of lung compared with normal controls, when the tests were performed on suspensions, containing over 90% lymphocytes, separated from peripheral blood. 2. Estimates of mean B lymphocytes plus blood monocytes in the separated suspensions, as measured by EAC rosettes (and peroxidase and differential counts for monocytes) are exceeded by TEAG-rosetting cells in the patients tested. 3. Tests on patients with chronic autoimmune conditions (e.g. ACH and SLE) do not show a highly significant difference from normal controls with respect to mean total cells forming E-rosettes. 4. It may be speculated that some TEAG rosettes are formed by T-cells which could have immune complexes or autologous anti-lymphocyte globulin on their surface and that such a condition may account for the depressed T-cell function found in these conditions.
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PMID:Lymphocyte surface-attached immunoglobulins in some clinical conditions. 108 63

An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of both photoinitiators (camphor-quinone-amine systems) and the adhesion promoting monomer (4-MET) on photopolymerization of bonding liners and their adhesion to dentin. Photopolymerization of bonding liners was measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The bonding liner containing 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as a reducing agent decreased the rate of polymerization in the presence of 4-MET. On the other hand, the bonding liners containing N-phenylglycine (NPG) and N,N-dimethylaniline derivatives as a reducing agent showed good polymerization in the presence of 4-MET. The results of the tensile bond test suggested that bonding liners containing NPG and 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (DMABA), one of the N,N-dimethylaniline derivatives, with or without 4-MET bonded well to dentin treated with EDTA 3-2. NPG and DMABA are recommended not only as reducing agents but also as aids in the diffusion of monomers into the dentin substrate. The relationship between the strength of the bond to dentin and photoirradiation of the bonding liner and composite resin was studied. Elongation of photoirradiation of both the bonding liner and composite resin was effective in impacting the strength of the bond to dentin. Furthermore, sufficient photoirradiation of the bonding liner prior to any filling of composite resin was especially important to obtain high bond strengths. SEM and TEM observations supported good adhesion being achieved by hybrid formations between photocurable bonding liners and dentin.
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PMID:[Formulation of photocurable bonding liner and adhesion to dentin. Effect of photoinitiator, monomer and photoirradiation]. 248 1

This paper reports in vivo protein adsorption onto polymers, including Biomer, PEO grafted Biomer (B-PEO-4K), heparin immobilized Biomer with PEO spacers (B-PEO-4K-HEP), and HEMA-Styrene block copolymer (H-S). Vascular grafts (6 mm ID, 7 cm in length) were fabricated with Biomer, coated on their luminal surfaces with test polymers, and implanted into the abdominal aorta of dogs. After 3 weeks-1 month, the grafts were retrieved and processed for TEM and SEM. TEM measured the thickness of adsorbed protein layers stained with a OsO4 solution, and the distribution pattern of adsorbed proteins (albumin, IgG and fibrinogen) using the immunoperoxidase technique. Retrieved grafts of Biomer and B-PEO-4K showed mural thrombi along the graft length, while thrombus formation on B-PEO-4K-HEP and H-S grafts was limited to the anastomotic sites. SEM pictures of B-PEO-4-HEP and H-S surfaces demonstrated clear morphology, with minimal platelet adhesion and activation, and microthrombi. Biomer and B-PEO-4K demonstrated a thick proteinaceous layer (1000-2000 A), whereas B-PEO-4K-HEP and H-S showed what can be described as a monolayer protein thickness (200-300 A). B-PEO-4K-HEP and H-S showed a monolayer-like adsorbed protein pattern, with high concentrations of albumin and IgG, and less fibrinogen, while Biomer and B-PEO-4K showed multilayered patterns with relatively high concentrations of fibrinogen, and less albumin. These results suggest that the surface properties of polymer may control protein adsorption pattern, and the composition of adsorbed protein is essential to in vivo long-term blood compatibility.
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PMID:In vivo protein adsorption onto polymers: a transmission electron microscopic study. 268 16

In vitro immunological tests showed that patients with pre-eclampsia are characterized by a greater degree of lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness to mitogens during pregnancy than normotensive controls. Thus, a relationship has been hypothesized between the hypoimmune lymphocyte response and the pathogenesis of the disease. We studied 20 non-pregnant healthy volunteers (group a), 11 women with a normal pregnancy (group b) and 13 women with EPH gestosis (group c). In all patients we determined the number of lymphocytes and the lymphocyte function (PHA, Con A, PWM responsiveness) in autologous and homologous plasma during pregnancy and 5 to 30 days after delivery. The mean values of the number of EAC and E rosettes in the three groups studied were similar. The mean values of the mitogenic response to PHA in autologous plasma were significantly reduced in both groups b and c in comparison with group a, but there was no statistical difference between groups b and c. The PHA lymphocyte responsiveness returned to normal in both homologous and autologous plasma after delivery. Our data demonstrate that no difference exists between pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia as regards impaired cell-mediated lymphocyte response in vitro. Moreover, the diminished lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens during pregnancy seems to be due to humoral circulating factor(s).
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PMID:Lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness during edema, proteinuria and hypertension (EPH) gestosis. 729 70

Cyclosporine (CyA) was incorporated into polycaprolactone nanoparticles (PCL-NP) in order to increase its oral bioavailability and to control drug distribution, thereby potentially reducing its toxicity. Prior to in vivo studies, the carrier was optimized and characterized by using different techniques. Light scattering (LS) and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) indicated the NP were spherical in shape with a mean size of approximately 100 nm. The influence of the solvent evaporation conditions and the polymer and drug amounts on CyA incorporation was established in order to optimize drug loading. When acetone and excess water were removed at constant temperature, no aggregation phenomena were observed. A value of 180 mg PCL was the minimum polymer amount necessary to encapsulate 95% of the drug initially added to the preparation. Under these conditions, HPLC analysis revealed that approximately 130 microg CyA per mg PCL were incorporated for a total CyA concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, being part of the drug adsorbed onto the particle surface. No structural changes or instability of the components during NP preparation were detected by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, GPC studies showed a competition between poloxamer and CyA for adsorption onto the carrier. In addition, DSC results suggested that at least part of the drug associated to NP remained in its crystal form. Therefore, CyA-loaded NP were easily manufactured and characterized and allow for the administration of therapeutic drug doses to experimental animals.
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PMID:Biodegradable nanoparticles as a delivery system for cyclosporine: preparation and characterization. 1103 19

We report on a simple procedure to tune the hydrophilicity of hybrid gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles have been prepared in the core of a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) five-arm star block copolymer. A hydrophilic corona was then added to these hybrid gold nanoparticles by direct chemisorption of trithiocarbonate-containing poly(acrylic acid) chains. These polymers were synthesized by RAFT polymerization with a trithiocarbonate as the chain-transfer agent. The efficiency of the grafting was evidenced by TEM, AFM, and DLS and by the successful transfer of these nanoparticles from organic solvent to water.
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PMID:Tuning the hydrophilicity of gold nanoparticles templated in star block copolymers. 1683 Oct 14

TiO2 nanotubes have been synthesized using anodic alumina membrane as template. Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles have been supported on the TiO2 nanotube. The supported system has been characterized by electron microscopy and electrochemical analysis. SEM image shows that the nanotubes are well aligned and the TEM image shows that the Pt particles are uniformly distributed over the TiO2 nanotube support. A homogeneous structure in the composite nanomaterials is indicated by XRD analysis. The electrocatalytic activity of the platinum catalyst supported on TiO2 nanotubes for methanol oxidation is found to be better than that of the standard commercial E-TEK catalyst.
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PMID:Electro-oxidation of methanol on TiO2 nanotube supported platinum electrodes. 1702 26

Nanocapsules are vesicular drug carriers constituted of an oil core, a polymeric wall, and surfactants. A general understanding about the influence of the polymeric wall of nanocapsules on the release profiles of drugs is not known. So, this work was devoted to characterize formulations prepared without polymer or containing it at different concentrations. The indomethacin ethyl ester was used as model and the strategy was based on its interfacial alkaline hydrolysis simulating a sink condition for the release. The antiedematogenic activity in rats for ester-loaded-nanocarriers was also evaluated. The nanocapsules (NC) and nanoemulsion (NE) presented particle sizes below 300 nm, polydispersity lower than 1.2 and pH around 5. SAXS analyses showed that the sorbitan monostearate is dissolved in the oil and the polymer presents regions of crystallinity independently on the PCL concentration. TEM analyses showed droplets (NE) and spherical particles (NC). The time for the total disappearance of the ester varied from 12 h to 24 h depending on the polymer concentration. The biexponential model showed that the indomethacin ester was essentially entrapped within the nanocarriers in an extension of 85 to 95%. The half-lives varied from 147 to 289 min for the sustained phases and from 3 to 6 min for the burst phases. The ester-loaded-NC showed significant antiedematogenic activity, while the ester-loaded-NE did not inhibit the carrageenin-induced paw edema. The nanocapsules promoted the absorption of the indomethacin ethyl ester and the presence of the polymer is important to achieve the pharmacological effect.
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PMID:Physico-chemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of indomethacin ethyl ester-loaded nanocapsules by PCS, TEM, SAXS, interfacial alkaline hydrolysis and antiedematogenic activity. 1704 31

A high-temperature reductive sulfuration method is demonstrated to synthesize highly ordered mesoporous metal sulfide crystallites by using mesoporous silica as hard templates. H2S gas is utilized as a sulfuration agent to in situ convert phosphotungstic acid H3PW12O40.6H2O to hexagonal WS2 crystallites in the silica nanochannels at 600 degrees C. Upon etching silica, mesoporous, layered WS2 nanocrystal arrays are produced with a yield as high as 96 wt %. XRD, nitrogen sorption, SEM, and TEM results reveal that the WS2 products replicated from the mesoporous silica SBA-15 hard template possess highly ordered hexagonal mesostructure (space group, p6mm) and rodlike morphology, analogous to the mother template. The S-W-S trilayers of the WS2 nanocrystals are partially oriented, parallel to the mesochannels of the SBA-15 template. This orientation is related with the reduction of the high-energy layer edges in layered metal dichalcogenides and the confinement in anisotropic nanochannels. The mesostructure can be 3-D cubic bicontinuous if KIT-6 (Iad) is used as a hard template. Mesoporous WS2 replicas have large surface areas (105-120 m2/g), pore volumes ( approximately 0.20 cm3/g), and narrow pore size distributions ( approximately 4.8 nm). By one-step nanocasting with the H3PMo12O40.6H2O (PMA) precursor into the mesochannels of SBA-15 or KIT-6 hard template, highly ordered mesoporous MoS2 layered crystallites with the 2-D hexagonal (p6mm) and 3-D bicontinuous cubic (Iad) structures can also be prepared via this high-temperature reductive sulfuration route. When the loading amount of PMA precursor is low, multiwalled MoS2 nanotubes with 5-7 nm in diameter can be obtained. The high-temperature reductive sulfuration method is a general strategy and can be extended to synthesize mesoporous CdS crystals and other metal sulfides.
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PMID:Synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous crystalline WS(2) and MoS(2) via a high-temperature reductive sulfuration route. 1762 61

A novel drug carrier for brain delivery, poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) polymersomes conjugated with mouse-anti-rat monoclonal antibody OX26 (OX26-PO), was developed and its brain delivery property was evaluated. The diblock copolymers of methoxy-PEG-PCL and Maleimide-PEG-PCL were synthesized and applied to prepare polymersomes (PO) which were verified by direct cryogenic temperature transmission electron micrograph (Cryo-TEM) imaging. The TEM examination and dynamic light scattering results showed that OX26-PO had a round and vesicle-like shape with a mean diameter around 100 nm. Coupling of OX26 with PO was confirmed by immuno-gold labeling of OX26 visualized under the TEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy test. The surface OX26 densities were obtained from enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. The result of brain delivery in rats proved that the increase of surface OX26 density of OX26-PO decreased blood AUC. The optimized OX26 number conjugated per polymersome was 34, which can acquire the greatest blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability surface area product and percentage of injected dose per gram brain (%ID/g brain). Furthermore, NC-1900, as a model peptide, was encapsulated into OX26(34)-PO and improved the scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments in a water maze task via i.v. administration. These results indicated that OX26(34)-PO is a promising carrier for peptide brain delivery.
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PMID:Preparation and brain delivery property of biodegradable polymersomes conjugated with OX26. 1843 27


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