Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This work compiles the results of our research on alpha- and beta-thalassemias, and includes a literature review of the molecular genetics of alpha- and beta-thalassemias in Spain. We studied 1,564 subjects with thalassemia (294 with beta-thalassemia and 1,264 with alpha-thalassemia) by molecular biology techniques. In relation to beta-thalassemia, a total of 15 different mutations were characterized in a study of 308 chromosomes belonging to 294 unrelated subjects. Eleven were homozygotes (22 alleles), three compound heterozygotes (6 alleles), and the remaining 280 were heterozygotes (280 alleles). A total of 86.6% of the alleles identified can be grouped into five different mutations [IVS-I-1 (G-->A), IVS-I-6 (T-->C), IVS-I-110 (G-->A), codon 39 (C-->T), codons 8/9 (+G)]. In 14 subjects (4.5%), all heterozygotes, it was not possible to identify the alteration responsible for the beta-thalassemia. For alpha-thalassemia, 911 subjects showed heterozygous alpha(+)-thalassemia (872 with -3.7 kb; 14 with -4.2 kb; two with the deletion of 3.5 kb of DNA, and 23 with nondeletional alpha-thalassemia). Two hundred and thirty-three subjects had homozygous alpha(+)-thalassemia (223 for -alpha(-3.7)/-alpha(-3.7)); one for -alpha(-4.2)/-alpha(-4.2); six for -alpha(-3.7)/-alpha(-4.2); one for -alpha(-3.5)/-alpha(-3.7); one for alphaalpha(Nco)/alphaalpha(Nco); one for alpha(HPh)/alpha(Hph)). One hundred patients presented with heterozygous alpha(0)-thalassemia (18 of whom were progenitors of patients with Hb H disease). The alpha(0) determinant was found in 20 patients with Hb H disease associated with -alpha(-3.7). From the DNA analysis were identified the - -(MED), - -(SEA), - -(SPAN) deletions and the - -(MA) mutations; in three cases, a break that affects the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 16; one of these was associated with the ATR-16 (alpha-thal with mental retardation) syndrome. Triplication of the alpha genes (alphaalphaalpha(-3.7)/alphaalpha) was found in 25 subjects, 16 of whom were associated with a heterozygous beta-thalassemia. Only one patient was homozygous for the triplication of alpha genes (alphaalphaalpha(-3.7)/alphaalphaalpha(-3.7)) that was associated with a heterozygous beta-thalassemia. In the Mediterranean region preventive programs for thalassemia, based on the detection of heterozygote carriers and genetic advice, are not sufficient to reduce the incidence of newborns with major thalassemia. Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemias has given a new dimension to the prevention of these, but in order to implement this, a knowledge of the mutations and the incidence of these, is essential. This study, therefore, aims to give a general picture of the molecular genetics of thalassemia and its geographical distribution in our area.
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PMID:The thalassemia syndromes: molecular characterization in the Spanish population. 1157 Jul 20

In the past decade, clinical cytogenetics has undergone remarkable advancement as molecular biology techniques have been applied to conventional chromosome analysis. The limitations of conventional banding analysis in the accurate diagnosis and interpretation of certain chromosome abnormalities have largely been overcome by these new technologies, which include fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and multicolor FISH (M-FISH, SKY, and Rx-FISH). Clinical applications include diagnosis of microdeletion and microduplication syndromes, detection of subtelomeric rearrangements in idiopathic mental retardation, identification of marker and derivative chromosomes, prenatal diagnosis of trisomy syndromes, and gene rearrangements and gene amplification in tumors. Molecular cytogenetic methods have expanded the possibilities for precise genetic diagnoses, which are extremely important for clinical management of patients and appropriate counseling of their families.
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PMID:Molecular cytogenetics. 1157 43

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by recurrent episodic fever, anhidrosis (inability to sweat), absence of reaction to noxious stimuli, self-mutilating behavior, and mental retardation. The human TRKA gene (NTRK1), located on chromosome 1q21-q22 encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth factor. We reported that TRKA is the gene responsible for CIPA and we developed a comprehensive strategy to screen for TRKA mutations and polymorphisms, as based on the gene's structure and organization. Here we report eight novel mutations detected as either a homozygous or heterozygous state in nine CIPA families from five countries. Mendelian inheritance of the mutations was confirmed in seven families for which samples from either parent were available. However, non-mendelian inheritance seems likely for the family when only samples from the mother and siblings, (but not from the father) were available. A paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 1 is likely to be the cause of reduction to homozygosity of the TRKA gene mutation in this family. Interestingly, a Hispanic patient from the USA has two autosomal genetic disorders, CIPA and pyruvate kinase deficiency, whose genetic loci are both mapped to a closely linked chromosomal region. A splice mutation and a missense mutation were detected in the TRKA and PKLR genes from the homozygous proband, respectively. Thus, concomitant occurrence of two disorders is ascribed to a combination of two separate mutant genes, not a contiguous gene syndrome. This finding suggests a mechanism responsible for two autosomal genetic disorders in one patient. All these data further support findings that TRKA defects can cause CIPA in various ethnic groups. This will aid in diagnosis and genetic counseling of this painless but severe genetic disorder.
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PMID:Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): novel mutations of the TRKA (NTRK1) gene, a putative uniparental disomy, and a linkage of the mutant TRKA and PKLR genes in a family with CIPA and pyruvate kinase deficiency. 1166 14

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), also referred to as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN-IV), is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by recurrent episodic fever, anhidrosis (inability to sweat), absence of reaction to noxious stimuli, self-mutilating behavior, and mental retardation. The TRKA (NTRK1) gene located on chromosome 1 (1q21-q22), consists of 17 exons and spans at least 23 kb. TRKA encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) for nerve growth factor (NGF) and is the gene responsible for CIPA. Defects in NGF signal transduction at the TRKA receptor lead to failure to support survival of sympathetic ganglion neurons and nociceptive sensory neurons derived from the neural crest. Thirty-seven different TRKA mutations, identified in patients in various countries, including nine frameshift, seven nonsense, seven splice, and 14 missense mutations, are distributed in an extracellular domain involved in NGF binding, as well as in the intracellular signal-transduction domain. Extensive analysis of CIPA mutations and associated intragenic polymorphisms should facilitate detection of CIPA mutations and aid in the diagnosis and genetic counseling of this painless but severe genetic disorder with devastating complications. In addition, naturally occurring TRKA missense mutations with loss of function provide considerable insight into the structure-function relationship in the RTK family. Further, molecular pathology of CIPA would provide unique opportunities to explore critical roles of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system as well as peripheral sensory nervous system that transmit noxious stimuli in humans.
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PMID:Molecular basis of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): mutations and polymorphisms in TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth factor. 1174 40

Recent studies into human mental retardation syndromes have given new insights into the molecular underpinnings of human cognitive processing, in particular into mechanisms likely to contribute to learning and memory. In this minireview, we present an overview of one signal transduction cascade that has garnered attention of late in this context, the ras/ERK/CREB pathway. We focus on this cascade because of recent exciting discoveries concerning the basis of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) mental retardation, which link cognitive defects in this syndrome to disruptions of ras and its intracellular targets.
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PMID:Molecular neurobiology of human cognition. 1190 92

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN-IV) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent episodic fevers, anhidrosis (inability to sweat), absence of reaction to noxious (or painful) stimuli, self-mutilating behavior and mental retardation. The anomalous pain and temperature sensation and anhidrosis in CIPA are due to the absence of afferent neurons activated by tissue-damaging stimuli and a loss of innervation of eccrine sweat glands, respectively. Nerve growth factor (NGF) supports the survival of nociceptive sensory and autonomic sympathetic neurons as well as cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The human TRKA (NTRKI) gene located on chromosome 1 (1q21-q22) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) which is autophosphorylated in response to NGF, thus, activating various pathways of intracellular signal transduction. We earlier identified the genetic basis of CIPA by detecting mutations in TRKA gene of patients. Defects in NGF signal transduction at its receptor lead to failure to survive as various NGF dependent neurons are not maintained, most probably due to apoptosis during development. TRKA mutations are distributed in an extracellular domain involved in NGF binding, as well as in the intracellular signal-transduction domain. Missense mutations with loss of function provide considerable insight into the structure-function relationship in the RTK family. In view of the fact that defects in TRKA cause CIPA, the molecular pathology of CIPA provides unique opportunities to explore critical roles of the NGF-TRKA receptor system. Thus, CIPA can serve as a useful model to determine mechanisms of development and maintenance of NGF-dependent neurons in autonomic, sensory and central nervous systems, as well as the physiology of these neurons in humans.
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PMID:Genetics of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV. Clinical, biological and molecular aspects of mutations in TRKA(NTRK1) gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth factor. 1210 60

I discuss six issues that may cut against the majoritarian grain. They are: (1) The U.S. Supreme Court's view of children; (2) the American Psychological Association's view of people with mental retardation; (3) the dilution of autonomy in favor of beneficence; (4) Tarasoff's undermining of fidelity to therapy clients; (5) the misuse of the PCL-R in death penalty litigation; and (6) the criminal law's rejection of determination.
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PMID:Some contrarian concerns about law, psychology, and public policy. 1241 98

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare chromosomal disorder attributable to a deletion at the short arm of chromosome 4. This syndrome is associated with characteristic facial appearance, multiple congenital abnormalities, mental retardation, feeding difficulties and failure to thrive. We report two girls with WHS who developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). According to the "Category, Cytology, Cytogenetic (CCC)"classification of childhood MDS, patient 1 had refractory cytopenia with ring sideroblasts at the age of 6 years, while patient 2 had refractory cytopenia with dysplasia at the age of 5-1/2 years. Patient 1 progressed to refractory cytopenia with excess blasts within a year, while patient 2 progressed to acute lymphoblastic leukemia within 1 month of presentation. It is possible that allelic loss of a tumor suppressor gene such as WHSC1 and/or FGFR3 from the deleted segment 4p16.3 plays a critical role in the process of malignant transformation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of severe hematological complications like MDS and leukemia in children with WHS and may be an important genetic model for understanding malignant hematological transformation. This report also underscores the importance of evaluating children with WHS for hematopoietic dysfunction.
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PMID:Malignant hematological disorders in children with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. 1274 63

Down syndrome is the most common birth defect associated with mental retardation. Identifying proteins that are aberrantly expressed therefore helps to understand how chromosomal imbalance leads to subnormal intelligence in Down syndrome. In the present study, we generated a fetal brain map with the use of an analytical method based on two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry and searched the proteome for differential protein expression. Among 49 proteins analyzed in seven control and nine Down syndrome fetuses, we found 11 proteins that have been deregulated in cerebral cortex of fetal Down syndrome. While double-strand break repair protein rad 21 homologue, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 5, mixed lineage leukemia septin-like fusion protein-B and heat shock protein 75 were increased; beta-amyloid precursor-like protein 1, tropomyosin 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion oncoprotein type 2, Nck adaptor protein 2, Src homology domain growth factor receptor bound 2-like endophilin B2, beta tubulin, septin 7 and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells 140 were decreased. The current data suggest that misexpression of proteins that have functions ranging from signaling to cellular structural organization could contribute to or reflect brain dysgenesis in Down syndrome.
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PMID:Aberrant protein expression in cerebral cortex of fetus with Down syndrome. 1459 56

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease, which is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, anhidrosis, self mutilation, absence of reaction to noxious stimuli, prolonged healing times and mental retardation. The absence of pain sensation combined with mental retardation predisposes the children to recurrent wound infections and deep ulcers that heal at a slower pace than seen in healthy people. The anomalous pain is due to the absence of dorsal root ganglia that are responsible for pain sensation and absence of afferent neurons activated by tissue damaging stimuli. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a growth factor that supports the survival of nociceptive sensory and autonomic sympathetic neurons. Neurotrophin Tyrosine Receptor (NTRK1) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated in response to NGF. NTRK1 mutations have been found in mice that presented with clinical signs similar to CIPA, subsequently CIPA patients have been examined for these mutations as well. Currently, 37 different mutations at the NTRK1 are known which cause CIPA. The above syndrome is so rare that until the year 2000 only 84 cases have been reported, not including 28 known cases of CIPA patients from Israeli Bedouins. Since no cure is available, prenatal screening, as conducted in our institution, is the only available preventive option to avoid the birth of an affected child.
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PMID:[Clinical and genetic aspects of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis]. 1599 64


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