Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Manual assembly in the future Industry 4.0 workplace will put high demands on operators' cognitive processing. The development of mental workload (MWL) measures therefore looms large. Physiological gauges such as electroencephalography (EEG) show promising possibilities, but still lack sufficient reliability when applied in the field. This study presents an alternative measure with a substantial ecological validity. First, we developed a behavioural video coding scheme identifying 11 assembly behaviours potentially revealing MWL being too high. Subsequently, we explored its validity by analysing videos of 24 participants performing a high and a low complexity assembly. Results showed that five of the behaviours identified, such as freezing and the amount of part rotations, significantly differed in occurrence and/or duration between the two conditions. The study hereby proposes a novel and naturalistic method that could help practitioners to map and redesign critical assembly phases, and researchers to enrich validation of MWL-measures through measurement triangulation. Practitioner summary: Current physiological mental workload (MWL) measures still lack sufficient reliability when applied in the field. Therefore, we identified several observable assembly behaviours that could reveal MWL being too high. The results propose a method to map MWL by observing specific assembly behaviours such as freezing and rotating parts. Abbreviations: MWL: mental workload; EEG: electroencephalography; fNIRS: functional near infrared spectroscopy; AOI: area of interest; SMI: SensoMotoric Instruments, ETG: Eye-Tracking Glasses; FPS: frames per second; BORIS: Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software; IRR: inter-rater reliability; SWAT: Subjective Workload Assessment Technique; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index; EL: emotional load; DSSQ: Dundee Stress State Questionnaire; PHL: physical load; SBO: Strategisch Basis Onderzoek.
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PMID:Development and validation of a behavioural video coding scheme for detecting mental workload in manual assembly. 3281 84

This study aimed to compare the performance of MilliSect dissection and manual dissection. Twenty-five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer tissue blocks were selected for comparison. Specific areas of interest (AOIs) in invasive carcinoma on tissue sections were transferred to dissection slides by manual macrodissection or the MilliSect instrument. The comparison criteria were 1) the time required for dissection; 2) RNA concentration and purity; 3) RNA quantity of 5 housekeeping genes (by RT-qPCR); and 4) ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67 and recurrence score (RS) values (by the 21-gene assay). Then, tumor-adjacent tissues, including fibrocollagenous and epithelial tissues, from the same selected tissue blocks of 8 of 25 patients were scraped using the mesodissection method, and their RS values were assessed to evaluate the influence of tumor-adjacent tissues on the target AOIs. Ultimately, 4 AOIs of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) from 1 tissue block of another 4 patients with lymph node (LN) metastases each, LN tissue and a mixture of IDC and LN tissue from the other tissue block of the same 4 patients were mesodissected to evaluate the influence of infiltrating lymphocyte levels on the RS values of AOIs. In our experience, the MilliSect instrument, which provides process management documentation, required more time than manual macrodissection (on average, approximately 9.1 min per sample versus 5.8 min per sample, respectively). The RNA yield and quality of the dissected tissues were comparable for the 2 methods. However, the tumor-adjacent tissues of the AOIs may influence the RS to some extent. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can dramatically increase RSs, far exceeding the influence of tumor-adjacent fibrocollagenous and epithelial tissues. In conclusion, MilliSect mesodissection is comparable to manual dissection. This mesodissection tool may facilitate AOI alignment and the dissection process for the 21-gene RS assay. Samples whose adjacent tissues are intermixed with TILs warrant special attention.
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PMID:Performance of Automated Dissection on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections for the 21-Gene Recurrence Score Assay. 3307 77