Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred black hospitalized tuberculosis (TB) patients (75 males and 25 females) were interviewed to ascertain levels of depression and self-esteem. The standard of literacy for 65% of the sample was such that they were unable to complete a self-report inventory. Reliability (internal consistency) was good for the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI: r = 0.79), the 13-item shortened BDI (ABDI: r = 0.76) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE: r = 0.78). There was a significant positive relationship between the BDI and the ABDI (r = 0.92, P = 0.0001). The recommended ABDI cut-off scores established no depression for 32 patients, mild depression for 22 patients, moderate depression for 38 patients and severe depression for 8 patients. There were significant negative relationships between the BDI and the RSE (r = -0.54, P = 0.0001), and between the ABDI and the RSE (r = -0.56, P = 0.0001). Self-esteem scores dropped in accordance with category of depression, revealing that low self-esteem is a characteristic feature of depression. It was concluded that the ABDI was a reliable, rapid, initial screening device for depression in black persons with low literacy levels.
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PMID:Depression and self-esteem: rapid screening for depression in black, low literacy, hospitalized tuberculosis patients. 143 14

Despite a wide spectrum of efficient chemotherapies, tuberculosis patients even today are often given inpatient treatment. This fact is shown by the MSV, the Medical Statistics of VESKA (Association of Swiss Hospitals), which is coded according to the ICD key and numbers tuberculosis forms from 010 to 018. The MSV figures for the year 1990 in its associated clinics are: total diagnoses 685,204, principal diagnoses 346,671, number of nursing days 4,613,737 and average stay 13.3 days. At the same time, the following data were registered: total of 1009 hospitalizations with a tuberculosis diagnosis, including 555 patients with a principal diagnosis of tuberculosis. Hospitalizations due to tuberculosis as the principal diagnosis account for 13,995 nursing days, which corresponds to 0.3% of the total. The average hospital stay lasts 25.2 days. In both diagnosis groups, first place is occupied by pulmonary tuberculosis (011) with 67.0% and 70.5% respectively, and among the extrathoracic forms 013-018, urogenital tuberculosis (016) with 6.3% principal diagnosis. The cases with the principal diagnosis of tuberculosis generate (partly calculated, partly estimated) hospital costs of approximately Sfr. 4.9 million and a paid wage total of some Sfr. 1.5 million. In the case of secondary tuberculoses of the 2nd and 3rd position in the statistics, analogous sums of an estimated total of Sfr. 2.4 million are added. It is therefore safe to say that tuberculosis is still not without financial significance in Switzerland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Hospitalization of tuberculosis patients in Swiss hospitals in 1990]. 146 48

The medical statistics of VESKA (Association of Swiss Hospitals), MSV, comprise and include the spectrum of all diseases in patients admitted to Swiss hospitals which are members of the association. Documentation is carried out in accordance with the WHO ICD code. Tuberculosis is registered under the main figures 010 to 018. The MSV makes an essential contribution in a special area to the recording of tuberculosis in Switzerland. The ICD code classes the disease either in positions 1 to 3 as the category of "all (TB) diagnoses' or as "principal diagnosis' in the first place. The numerical values are either recorded individually for the years 1990 to 1993 or as mean values of these four years. Tuberculosis occupies a small space within the overall statistics. Of a total of 722 868 and 369 840 coded diagnoses (1990 to 1993, averages), 1100 and 627, respectively, fall under tuberculosis in the two categories. This corresponds to a proportion of 0.15% and 0.17%, respectively. Tuberculosis becomes more important because the general average hospital stay of 12.7 days is almost doubled with an average of 24.7 days for tuberculosis patients. If the costs per case generally stand at Sfr. 7353.-, then, for tuberculosis patients, they rise to Sfr. 14 301.-. The overall costs for tuberculosis patients per calendar year total Sfr. 15 731 430.- and Sfr. 8 966 915.-, respectively, in the two categories. Tuberculosis is, therefore, a disease which is still of economic significance even in Switzerland. In the category of types of tuberculosis, pulmonary tuberculosis (011) still today occupies first position compared to previous analyses with current figures of 65.1% and 67.7% respectively. In the case of the extra-pulmonary types, uro-genital tuberculosis (016) stands in second place with 5.7% and 3.5% in the two categories, after the group of tuberculosis of other organs (017) with 5.9% and 6.1%, respectively. There was a constant preponderance of male over female patients (64.3% vs. 35.6%). If decades ago tuberculosis shifted to and was spread over more advanced age groups in Switzerland, the proportion of foreigners now within the whole population has brought about a change. Almost twice as many tuberculosis cases occur within the 20-year to 40-year age group than in the other age groups, in which a certain degree of levelling off is apparent. From comparisons of notifications to authorities in Switzerland and from hospitalization rates, it can be deduced that there is no increased need for hospitalization for any particular age group.
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PMID:[Prevalence of tuberculosis in Swiss hospitals in the years 1990 to 1993]. 870 Nov 68

We studied the outermost constituents of the cell envelopes, which are involved in the interaction between the bacilli and the host cells, of five pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial species for comparison with those we have previously characterized from M. tuberculosis. The extracellular materials (ECMs) were isolated by ethanol precipitation and compared to the surface-exposed materials (SXMs) extracted by mechanical means. The materials from both sources were composed almost exclusively of polysaccharides and proteins. Two groups of mycobacteria were clearly distinguishable. The first group comprised the pathogenic species M. kansasii which produced large amounts of ECM, the glycosyl composition of which was similar to that of the SXM. The second group comprised M. avium and the non-pathogenic strains of M. gastri, M. phlei and M. smegmatis which produced small amounts of ECK This latter group could be subdivided into those which produced carbohydrate-rich ECM (M. avium and M. gastri) and those forming protein-rich ECM (M. phlei and M. smegmatis), a classification that correlated with the difference in the growth rate of the two subgroups. The glycosyl composition of the ECM of a given species was qualitatively similar to that of the SXM, except for M. avium and M. phlei whose SXM were devoid of arabinose. In addition to glucose, mannose and arabinose, xylose was detected in the hydrolysis products of the ECM and SXM of M. smegmatis, the SXM of M. phlei and the ECM of some batches of M. avium. The polysaccharide constituents of the ECM and SXM of the different mycobacteria were purified by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography; all were found to be neutral compounds devoid of acyl substituents. The extracellular polysaccharides consisted of high-molecular-mass glycogen-like glucans, arabinomannans and mannans, structurally similar to the corresponding substances previously characterized from the capsule of M. tuberculosis. The same types of polysaccharides were characterized from the SXM of all the strains, except M. avium and M. phlei which were devoid of arabinomannans. This study questions the unique and universal representation of the mycobacterial cell envelope and the existence of the so-called acidic polysaccharide-rich outer layer.
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PMID:Extracellular and surface-exposed polysaccharides of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. 870 91

Twenty patients with AIDS who had intracranial lesions underwent both brain biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination to compare histological diagnosis with the polymerase chain reaction (CSF-PCR) for the identification of infectious agents. CSF-PCR was performed for herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), JC virus (JCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A definitive diagnosis was obtained by brain biopsy in 14 patients (2 with astrocytoma, 12 with brain infection). CSF-PCR was positive for EBV DNA in 3 of 3 cases of primary cerebral lymphoma, positive for JCV DNA in 6 of 7 biopsy-proven (and one autopsy-proven) cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). CSF-PCR was positive for CMV DNA in one biopsy-proven and one autopsy-proven case of CMV encephalitis (the former also had PML) and positive for M. tuberculosis DNA in one case of tuberculous encephalitis. None of the five toxoplasmic encephalitis cases (one definite, four presumptive) were T. gondii DNA positive. There was close correlation between histology and CSF-PCR for CMV encephalitis, PML and PCL. Antitoxoplasma therapy affected the sensitivity of both histological and CSF-PCR methods.
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PMID:A comparison of brain biopsy and CSF-PCR in the diagnosis of CNS lesions in AIDS patients. 900 43

The recent resurgence of TB together with the ongoing HIV epidemic has resulted in a larger number of infectious TB patients being admitted to US health care facilities. These patients have become a source for both nosocomial (patient-to-patient) and occupational (patient-to-health care worker) M. tuberculosis transmission. Infectious MDR-TB patients serve as even greater potential infectious sources because they often remain AFB smear and culture positive for months to years. The keys to the prevention of nosocomial and occupational transmission of M. tuberculosis is conducting a risk assessment for each area of the facility and instituting appropriate control measures, having a high index of suspicion by clinicians for infectious TB in those who present with consistent signs and symptoms, rapid triage of such patients to isolation areas and their appropriate clinical work-up, and the institution of effective antituberculous therapy. Infection control personnel should ensure that infectious TB patients are isolated in appropriate isolation rooms (i.e., negative pressure, greater than or equal to 6 ACH, and direct external exhaust of the room air). Health care workers with infectious TB patient contact should be instructed in the epidemiology of M. tuberculosis transmission, the role of respirators in protecting the health care worker from airborne inoculation, and the importance of periodic health care worker TST. The nosocomial TB outbreaks in the 1980s and 1990s document that M. tuberculosis can be transmitted to both patients and health care workers in US health care facilities when appropriate infection control measures are not fully implemented. Follow-up studies at some of these institutions, however, document that when infection control measures similar to the 1990 or 1994 CDC TB Guidelines are fully implemented, M. tuberculosis transmission to both patients and health care workers can be reduced or eliminated. Protection of both patients and health care workers from M. tuberculosis infection is dependent on an understanding and full implementation of the 1994 CDC TB Guidelines.
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PMID:Prevention of nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 918 53

Acute infectious disease presentations among many at-risk patient groups (eg, uninsured, homeless, and recent immigrants) are frequently seen in emergency departments. Therefore EDs may be useful sentinel sites for infectious disease surveillance. This article describes the background, development, and implementation of EMERGE ncy ID NET, an interdisciplinary, multicenter, ED-based network for research of emerging infectious diseases. EMERGE ncy ID NET was established in cooperation with the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as part of the CDC's strategy to expand and complement existing disease detection and control activities. The network is based at 11 university-affiliated, urban hospital EDs with a combined annual patient visit census of more than 900,000. Data are collected during ED evaluation of patients with specific clinical syndromes, and are electronically stored, transferred, and analyzed at a central receiving site. Current projects include investigation of bloody diarrhea and the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, animal exposures and rabies postexposure prophylaxis practices, seizures and prevalence of neurocysticercosis, nosocomial ED Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, and hospital isolation bed use for adults admitted for pneumonia or suspected tuberculosis. EMERGE ncy ID NET also was developed to be a mechanism for rapidly responding to new diseases or epidemics. Future plans include study of antimicrobial use, meningitis, and encephalitis, and consideration of other public health concerns such as injury and national and international network expansion.
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PMID:EMERGEncy ID NET: an emergency department-based emerging infections sentinel network. The EMERGEncy ID NET Study Group. 983 68

Ontario has embarked upon a program to restore elk (Cervus elaphus) that were once native to that province. A comprehensive disease-management strategy has ensured that elk are free of infectious diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis prior to shipment to Ontario. Postmortem analysis occurs on elk mortalities in Ontario to ensure that elk are not infected with diseases such as chronic wasting disease and tuberculosis. Between 1998 and 2001, a total of 443 elk were transported from Elk Island National Park, Alberta, and released in four different areas of Ontario. Cumulative mortality for elk in all areas was 26% from 1998 to January 2001. The primary causes of mortality were post-release stress-induced emaciation (21%), wolf predation (20%), transport/handling injuries (10%), bacterial infections (10%), and drowning (7%). Female calves had the highest mortality rates (37%) compared to the other sex and age cohorts (23-24%). Preliminary findings suggest an inverse correlation between the length of time elk are held in enclosures prior to release and the distance they disperse from the release site. The 2001 estimated population of elk in Ontario is about 400 individuals.
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PMID:Elk restoration in Ontario, Canada: infectious disease management strategy, 1998-2001. 1238 18

Signalling cascades involved in chemokine production by human phagocytes following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are still not defined. We used specific pharmacologic inhibitors to identify the signalling molecules which lead to interleukin (IL)-8 and MCP-1 production in human monocytes in response to M. tuberculosis infection. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by PD98059 and SB203580 respectively, significantly affected chemokine production. However, only the presence of both inhibitors completely blocked the release. A down-regulation of chemokine secretion was found in presence of inhibitors of protein kinase (PK)C and phospholipase C. Moreover, production depended on transcription activation via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), as demonstrated by treatment with actinomycin D and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. In addition, activation of PKA and the phosphoinoside 3-kinase (PI-3k)/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase cascade was required to have maximal MCP-1 but not IL-8 production. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that multiple signal transduction pathways are involved in M. tuberculosis -induced chemokine secretion by human monocytes. Moreover, for the first time this report indicates that inhibitors of some signalling molecules are able to dissociate IL-8 from MCP-1 secretion. Differences in the regulatory pathways of chemokine production can potentially be exploited therapeutically.
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PMID:Pharmacological analysis of signal transduction pathways required for mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production in human peripheral monocytes. 1239 71

Secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are major targets of the specific immunity in tuberculosis and constitute promising candidates for the development of more efficient vaccines and diagnostic tests. We show here that M. tuberculosis-specific antigen 10 (MTSA-10, originally designated CFP-10) can bind to the surface of mouse J774 macrophage-like cells and stimulate the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). MTSA-10 also synergized with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) for the induction of the microbicidal free radical nitric oxide (NO) in J774 cells, as well as in bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages. On the other hand, pretreatment of J774 cells with MTSA-10 markedly reduced NO but not TNF-alpha or interleukin 10 (IL-10) release upon subsequent stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or the cell lysate of M. tuberculosis. The presence of IFN-gamma during stimulation with M. tuberculosis lysate antagonized the desensitizing effect of MTSA-10 pretreatment on macrophage NO production. The activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and the serine/threonine kinases p38 MAPK and ERK was apparently required for MTSA-10 induction of TNF-alpha and NO release, as revealed by specific kinase inhibitors. However, only p38 MAPK activity, not PTK or ERK activity, was partly responsible for MTSA-10-mediated macrophage desensitization. The modulation of macrophage function by MTSA-10 suggests a novel mechanism for its involvement in immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis and might have implications for the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of this disease.
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PMID:Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific 10-kilodalton antigen on macrophage release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide. 1243 25


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