Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.1 (ERK)
 95,504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of reducing the dose of peroral lynestrenol by half on serum sex-hormone, lipid and lipoprotein status was studied in 21 mentally retarded women with therapeutic amenorrhea (TA). They had previously received 5 or 10 mg peroral lynestrenol daily for periods ranging from 32 to 196 months. Dose halving of lynestrenol resulted in an increase in serum total testosterone (T) by 16% (p less than 0.05), sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by 39% (p less than 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 28% (p less than 0.001). Both the mean serum total and free concentrations of norethisterone (NET and fNET) decreased by 60% (p less than 0.001). The serum concentrations of 17-beta-estradiol (E2), its free fractions (fE2) and free T (fT) were not significantly altered. Significant correlations were observed between the change in HDL-C and the change in T (r = 0.45, p less than 0.05), between the change in SHBG and the change in T (r = 0.62, p less than 0.01), fT (r = 0.43, p less than 0.05) and E2 (r = 0.51, p less than 0.05). The elevation of HDL-C was probably caused by the reduced serum NET concentrations. This also resulted in an increase in serum SHBG concentration, which is regarded as an indicator of the overall estrogen/androgen ratio.
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PMID:Lynestrenol induced therapeutic amenorrhea: effects of dose reduction on serum sex-hormones and lipids. 131 38

The records of 50 Australian postpartum women who intended to breast-feed for longer than 6 months were analyzed. Fifty percent of the women breast-fed longer than 12 months, and 50% resumed menses by 40 weeks after childbirth. Fifty-four women provided records of mucus and BBT for at least 4 weeks before resumption of menses. Ovulation before menses while fully breast-feeding was probable in only one woman. Fifty percent of the first postpartum cycles had a short luteal phase. Thirty-two women chose NEP to avoid pregnancy during the study period. Mucus and BBT proved to be a good marker of ovulation during postpartum cycles. The mean number of days available for intercourse according to the Ovulation Method was 22.6 days between 6 and 12 postpartum weeks, and 12 days during the 4 weeks before menses. Confidence in NFP during lactational amenorrhoea and first postpartum cycles is analyzed. Finally, research aimed at improving the teaching and use of NFP for postpartum breast-feeding women is described.
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PMID:Breast-feeding and natural family planning. 290 22

The present work was a randomized comparative study of two injectable progestogen-only contraceptives. The first group (200 subjects) received 150 mg of depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (Depoprovera) every 84 +/- 7 days and the second (200 subjects) received 200 mg of norethisterone enanthate (Noristerat) every 56 +/- 7 days. Acceptors of injectable contraceptives in Assiut, Egypt, were mainly women looking for fertility termination. Menstrual disruption was the main side effect among both treatment groups. Amenorrhoea was the commonest menstrual complaint and was the main reason for discontinuation in both groups. Only one pregnancy occurred during NET-EN use; two more pregnancies occurred, one in each of the two groups but there were indications that conception preceded the first injection. Menstrual irregularities were generally more frequent with DMPA users. However, DMPA had better one-year continuation rates than NET-EN (68.8 +/- 3.5 and 57.1 +/- 3.6 per 100 women, respectively).
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PMID:Acceptability of injectable contraceptives in Assiut, Egypt. 297 83

The return of fertility following discontinuation of norethisterone oenanthate (NET EN) 200 mg injectable contraceptive after use for a minimum period of six months or more was studied in 69 women who discontinued the method for planning pregnancy. Former users of copper intra-uterine device (CuT 200) were enrolled as a control group. Another 161 women who had discontinued NET EN due to other reasons (e.g. amenorrohea, excessive bleeding or personal reasons) were also studied for return of fertility after ensuring that they were not using any other method of contraception and were exposed to the risk of pregnancy. The subjects from both groups were followed for a period of one year. The cumulative conception rates at one year were 72.5 and 83.6 per 100 subjects for ex-NET EN and ex-CuT 200 users who had discontinued the method for planning pregnancy and this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). The median time for conception for ex-NET EN users was 7.8 months as compared to 3.7 months in ex-CuT 200 users but the cumulative conception rates at the end of one year show that future return of fertility in NET EN users does not appear to be adversely affected. In 51 subjects who had discontinued NET EN due to amenorrhoea, the return of fertility was predictably slower and less. The return of fertility in subjects who discontinued NET EN for other reasons (e.g. excessive bleeding and other personal reasons) was similar to ex-NET EN and ex-CuT 200 users.
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PMID:ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) Task Force on Hormonal Contraception. Return of fertility following discontinuation of an injectable contraceptive--norethisterone oenanthate (NET EN) 200mg dose. Council of Medical Research. 354 41

In preparation for introducing the injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) into the national family planning program, a field study was conducted in 6 family planning clinics in Bangladesh. 3 of the clinics were located in Dhaka, the capital city, 1 was located in a town approximately 15 kilometers from Dhaka, and the other 2 clinics were located several hundred kilometers from Dhaka. A total of 913 women were chosen to receive injections of NET-EN every 8 weeks for 6 months and every 12 weeks thereafter. The mean age of the subjects was 26.8 years, and the mean number of live births was 3.4. The overall cumulative discontinuation rates were 26.3/100 women at 6 months, 37.3/100 at 12 months, and 42.9/100 at 18 months. The most common reason for discontinuing was a disturbance in bleeding. Heavy and/or prolonged bleeding was the single most frequent reason (6.3/100 women at 12 months), but amenorrhea was not uncommon (5.1/100 women at 12 months), while irregular bleeding or spotting was given as a reason somewhat less frequently (3.9/100 women). 3 women became pregnant during the study, giving a cumulative pregnancy rate of 0.4/100 women at 18 months. A variety of complaints fell within the category of "other medical reasons," the most common being fatigue, headache, and dizziness. The overall discontinuation rates varied markedly by center, as did the reasons for discontinuation. The lowest discontinuation rate of 14.7/100 women at 12 months was seen in the Mohammedpur Fertility Services and Training Center. This rate was considerably lower than that in any other center. The highest discontinuation rate was found by the Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization -- 52.0/100 women at 12 months. The variation in rate of discontinuation because of bleeding disturbances was most dramatic, with relatively high rates at the Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization, markedly low rates in the Mohammedpur Fertility Services and Training Centre, and intermediate rates elsewhere. Neither the overall discontinuation rate, nor the individual reasons for discontinuation varied much by age group. The most notable finding regarding discontinuation of NET-EN was the marked difference between centers. This is particularly notable given the lack of any major differences with respect to age, parity, residence, and history of contraception of the subjects. These findings suggest that the specific approach used in each clinic had a considerable impact on continuation rates and acceptance of NET-EN.
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PMID:Introduction of the injectable contraceptive NET-EN into family planning clinics in Bangladesh. 387 43

A Phase II multicentric study was carried out to compare the different contraceptive treatment schedules of the monthly injectable consisting of norethisterone oenanthate (NET OEN) 50 mg either given alone or in combination with estrogen esters, 2.5 or 5 mg of estradiol valerate (E2 Val.) or estradiol cypionate (E2 Cyp.). A total of 364 women were observed for 1686 months of use. Analysis of the bleeding pattern data indicated that NET OEN 50 mg when given alone gave rise to delayed cycles and/or amenorrhoea. However, the addition of estrogen esters in a dose of either 2.5 or 5 mg provided significantly better bleeding patterns. Of the different treatment schedules investigated, the combination of NET OEN 50 mg with E2 Val. 5 mg provided more consistent and better cycle control. These findings however need further validation on a larger study sample.
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PMID:Indian Council of Medical Research. Task Force on Hormonal Contraception: Phase II randomized clinical trial with norethisterone oenanthate 50 mg alone and in combination with 5 mg or 2.5 mg of either estradiol valerate or cypionate as a monthly injectable contraceptive. 390 67

A field study of the injectable contraceptive, norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), was conducted in family planning clinics in Sind and Punjab provinces of Pakistan, to determine the acceptability and feasibility of providing NET-EN in government family planning clinics staffed by Family Welfare Visitors (FWVs). A total of 2147 women were recruited to the study, of whom approximately three-fourths had never previously used contraception. The overall discontinuation rate at one year was 78 per 100 women; the most common reason for discontinuation was bleeding disturbances, including amenorrhea, although returning to the clinic too late for an injection also accounted for a substantial proportion of the discontinuations. Given adequate training, FWVs were shown to be capable of providing NET-EN in family planning clinics, including managing the bleeding disturbances common with this method of contraception. No pregnancies were reported, demonstrating that the method is highly effective when used in a usual family planning clinic situation.
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PMID:Phase IV study of the injection Norigest in Pakistan. 390 68

Endometrial histology and the haematological indices were studied in women receiving 200 mg of norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) at 60-day intervals for 24 months as a method of contraception. Significant elevations occurred in the haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell counts during one year of therapy, while eosinophil counts showed a transient increase at 4 months of trial. The changes in the haematological indices seem to be due to stimulation of the erythropoietic system by NET-EN and may also be attributable to diminished blood loss due to amenorrhoea during the course of therapy. The endometrial histology revealed proliferative glands at 2 months which turned quiescent at 6-12 months of NET-EN therapy. Long-term use of 18 months showed atrophic changes with few glands, narrow lumina and stromal oedema.
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PMID:Effect of norethisterone enanthate on the blood count and endometrial histology of Indian women. 390 69

There have been many reports of late regarding the safety and effectiveness of injectable contraceptives, yet there is still considerable confusion and uncertainty. The attempt is made in this discussion to clarify the issues by outlining the results of recent research in animal and human subjects. The current state of knowledge on injectable hormonal contraceptives is summarized. Attention is directed to the following: injectable preparations available for contraception; animal studies; human studies (pharmacology, effectiveness, bleeding problems, metabolic effects, neoplasia, return of fertility, and effects on progeny). Some data from animal studies have raised concern about the possible carcinogenicity of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), but certain animal models used appear to be inappropriate for studying the effects of these steroids in human subjects. A large number of clinical trials, including multicenter studies organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) have been carried out in many countries with both DMPA and NET-EN. The 2 steroid preparations have a similar mechanism of action in inhibiting gonadotropin production by the pituitary gland, which thus prevents ovulation. They do, however, show certain pharmacological differences. The differences in formulation are reflected in the levels of steroid found in the blood. From both DMPA and NET-EN the continuation rates have been found to vary markedly among different populations, ranging from 15% to nearly 90% at 1 year. Pregnancy rates (method failures) have been consistently low with DMPA, less than 1 pregnancy/100 woman years of use. The pregnancy rate reported with NET-EN has varied according to the interval between injections. A dose of 200 mg every 12 weeks resulted in a pregnancy rate considered to be unacceptably high (3.6/100 woman years) in 1 clinical trial undertaken by WHO. A more frequent administration of NET-EN in the same trial resulted in a pregnancy rate of less than 1/100 woman years at 18 months. The majority of women who receive DMPA or NET-EN experience some disruption of their normal menstrual cycle, defined as a cycle of 26-35 days' duration in which bleeding/spotting lasts for 2-8 weeks. Women frequently report irregular bleeding, spotting, and amenorrhea, but heavy or prolonged bleeding is uncommon. DMPA and NET-EN appear to be acceptable methods of fertility regulation.
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PMID:Facts about injectable contraceptives: memorandum from a WHO meeting. 621 18

Final results are presented from a two-year WHO multinational comparative trial of three regimens: depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) given at 90-day intervals, norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) given at 60-day intervals for the entire study period (NET-EN (60-day)), and NET-EN given at 60-day intervals for six months and thereafter at 84-day intervals (NET-EN (84-day)). 1587 DMPA subjects were observed for 20,550 woman-months, 789 NET-EN (60-day) subjects were observed for 10,361 woman-months, and 796 NET-EN (84-day) subjects were observed for 10,331 woman-months. This clinical trial represents the largest clinical trial undertaken on injectable contraceptives. After two years, the pregnancy rate with NET-EN (84-day) was 1.4 (+/- 0.6 S.E.) per 100 women, as compared with the two-year rates of 0.4 (+/- 0.3 S.E.) per 100 women observed with DMPA and 0.4 (+/- 0.2 S.E.) with NET-EN (60-day). Both discontinuation rates for amenorrhea and the prevalence of amenorrhea lasting more than 90 days were significantly higher with DMPA than with either NET-EN regimen. Terminations for bleeding problems were similar with the three treatments, despite a better cyclic pattern for the first six months with the NET-EN regimens. The three treatments were comparable with respect to discontinuation rates for other medical or personal reasons, and for all reasons combined. For family planning programs, NET-EN (60-day) has the advantage of low pregnancy rates compared to NET-EN (84-day), and a schedule of administration that does not change. Both NET-EN regimens produce less amenorrhea than DMPA. However, the NET-EN (60-day) regimen has the logistic and economic disadvantage of requiring more frequent injections. All three injectable regimens compare favourably with oral contraceptives in terms of pregnancy and total continuation rates observed in clinical trial settings.
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PMID:Multinational comparative clinical trial of long-acting injectable contraceptives: norethisterone enanthate given in two dosage regimens and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Final report. 622 88


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