Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.21 (thymidine kinase)
7,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In samples of colonic adenocarcinomas, the mean activities of thymidine kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine phosphatase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase were several fold higher than those of nonneoplastic colon. The presence of considerable, cold labile pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity provided an additional criterion for distinguishing tumors from the control tissue. Deviations from the pattern of enzymes in normal colon were much more pronounced in the five moderately well-differentiated than in the single well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Human colon tumors: enzymic and histological characteristics. 21 73

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)-deficient mutants of a bovine kidney cell line (MDBK) were selected following mutagenesis with ethylmethane sulfonate or ICR-170G. MDBK mutants were hybridized to thymidine kinase-deficient L cells and selected in HAT medium. Parental and hybrid cells were characterized for isozyme patterns of lactic dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxalate transaminase. Chromosomes of MDBK can be distinguished from mouse L cells by configuration and by fluorescent staining with Hoechst 33-258 stain. Hybrid cells contained both MDBK and L-cell chromosomes and had elevated DNA content. MDBK cells are normally restrictive for mengovirus replication. Both permissive and restrictive hybrids were found. Our data indicate that there was preferential loss of MDBK chromosomes in the hybrid cell lines.
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PMID:Characterization of hybrids between bovine (MDBK) and mouse (L-cell) cell lines. 45 55

Ten independant cellular hybrids were obtained from Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) fibroblasts and the murine cell line C11D. The comparison of electrophoretic and cytogenetic studies showed that 9 markers with known localizations in Man could also be localized on the homologous chromosomes of the Chimpanzee: pyrophosphate hydratase (PPH), phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1), and peptidase-C (Pep-C) on the No. 1; malate dehydrogenase MDH(NAD) on the No. 2; lactico dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) on the No. 11; lactico dehydrogenase-B (LDH-B) on the No. 12; thymidine kinase (TK) on the No. 17; superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) on the No. 21; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) on the X. The localization of mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI) on the No. 7 could be excluded. One discrepancy between Chimpanzee and Man was noted: the localization of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) on the 6 is excluded.
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PMID:[Gene localization in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Comparison with the factor mapping of man (Homo sapiens)]. 108 Sep 79

Damage to the lung may be caused by chemicals that gain access to the alveolar zone by inhalation or via the pulmonary circulation. Several agents toxic to the lung have recently been found to bind covalently to pulmonary macromolecules or to disrupt certain metabolic reactions. However, it has also been observed that extensive chemical lung injury is not necessarily preceded by a depression of pulmonary metabolic reactions. One possible explanation for this might be that biochemical changes due to cell death are often masked and/or compensated for by changes associated with lung tissue repair. Substantial cell proliferation as a response to toxic lung damage is a common phenomenon in lung pathology. This makes it necessary to develop models that permit analysis of the biochemical events triggering and accompanying cell growth in lung. We have recently examined some aspects of cell proliferation in mouse lung. Intraperitoneal injection of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) produces within 3-5 days extensive hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and general disorganization of the cellular components of the lung. Total lung weight and total DNA per lung almost double within this time and are accompanied by proportional increases in protein and lipids. RNA accumulates at a faster rate than DNA. The changes in lung composition are accompanied by dose-dependent increases in the in vivo incorporation of thymidine into DNA and of leucine into protein. The activities of several enzymes (thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, uridine kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 5'-nucleotidase) increase substantially after BHT. Administration of BHT to mice seems to offer a convenient tool to study cell growth in the lungs of mice.
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PMID:Biochemical pathology of lung damage produced by chemicals. 124 36

Male mice of 7 different strains were injected i.p. with 400 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). 2 and 4 days later, the incorporation of thymidine into pulmonary DNA was significantly increased in all treated animals and this was accompanied by an increase in lung weight and pulmonary DNA. Thymidine kinase activity and DNA polymerase activity were enhanced in the lungs of BHT-treated animals and maximum activity of these enzymes appeared to precede maximum thymidine incorporation by 24 h. 3 days after BHT a good correlation was found between administered dose and thymidine kinase activity. Measuring the activity of this enzyme might serve as a convenient biochemical marker to follow and to quantitate BHT-produced cell proliferation in lung. The concentrations of cyclic AMP and the activity of adenylate cyclase were not altered by BHT on days 1-9 after administration. BHT produced also some dose-dependent, time-dependent increases in the activities of pulmonary 5'-nucleotidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), but had little effect on isocitric dehydrogenase (ICDH), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH).
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PMID:Biochemical paramters of BHT-induced cell growth in mouse lung. 124 55

Karyotype, mitochondrial ultrastructure and several enzymatic activities were studied in two clones, D22 and D27, from SV40-transformed rabbit chondrocytes. Similar chromosome alterations, with recurrent losses and gains were observed at the various passages. Mitochondria were rare, with increase in size and crest alterations. By comparison to non-transformed rabbit chondrocytes, activities of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase were increased, those of glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase fluctuated according to passages, thymidylate synthase decreased, thymidine kinase and hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyl-transferase increased and the ratio lactate dehydrogenase B/A increased. In most cases, these variations were correlated with the number of chromosomes carrying the genes encoding for corresponding enzymes. These results, compared to those obtained in SV40-transformed human fibroblasts, demonstrate that the two cell types behave differently for detoxication systems against oxygen radicals, in particular for SOD2 activity, and have opposite imbalances of chromosomes carrying the corresponding genes.
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PMID:Chromosomal, mitochondrial and metabolic alterations in SV40-transformed rabbit chondrocytes. 131 10

We have developed a way to fit yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) with markers that permit the selection of stably transformed mammalian cells, and have determined the fate and expression of such YACs containing the genes for human ribosomal RNA (rDNA) or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The YACs in the yeast cell are "retrofitted" with selectable markers by homologous recombination with the URA3 gene of one vector arm. The DNA fragment introduced contains a LYS2 marker selective in yeast and a thymidine kinase (TK) marker selective in TK-deficient cells, bracketed by portions of the URA3 sequence that disrupt the endogenous gene during the recombination event. Analyses of transformed L-M TK- mouse cells showed that YACs containing rDNA or G6PD were incorporated in essentially intact form into the mammalian cell DNA. For G6PD, a single copy of the transfected YAC was found in each of two transformants analyzed and was fully expressed, producing the expected human isozyme as well as the heterodimer composed of the human gene product and the endogenous mouse gene product.
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PMID:Stable integration and expression in mouse cells of yeast artificial chromosomes harboring human genes. 200 54

Mouse somatic cells lacking thymidine kinase were mixed in culture with human diploid cells lacking hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, and hybrid cells were isolated and maintained in a selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. The hybrid cells at the time of isolation had karyotypes consisting predominantly of mouse chromosomes but with one human chromosome, a submetacentric member of group E, apparently giving thymidine kinase to the hybrid cell. However, after long-term propagation in the selective medium this chromosome has been lost, although cells continue to show thymidine kinase activity as demonstrated by the incorporation of (3)H-thy-midine into DNA in the hybrid cell. The hybrid cells have only mouse electro-phoretic variants for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, suggesting that the human genetic loci for these enzymes are not represented in the hybrid genome and may be unlinked to that for thymidine kinase.
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PMID:Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids with single human chromosome (group E): link with thymidine kinase activity. 569 36

The concentrations of ten or 12 enzymes involved in the metabolism of DNA, collagen, amino acids, or glucose have been determined in variants of human intestinal and pulmonary tissues. In comparison to nonneoplastic adult colon, normal fetal colon had elevated concentrations of thymidine kinase, peptidyl proline hydroxylase, phosphoserine phosphatase, ornithine transcarbamylase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and ornithine aminotransferase. Raised activities of the first five of these enzymes, and of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase distinguishes neoplastic from nonneoplastic sections of adult colon. Study of a wide range of pulmonary specimens permitted comparisons of different types of tumors, and revealed some subtle differences between lungs of noncancer patients and nonneoplastic portions of host lungs. The concentrations of eight previously identified enzymic indicators were less in moderately or well differentiated than in poorly differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The latter differed from epidermoid carcinomas (also poorly differentiated) by containing lower concentrations of thymidine kinase (both soluble and particulate) and hexokinase.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in human fetal and neoplastic tissues. 625 48

Human PRL (hPRL)-secreting adenoma cells obtained at hypophysectomy were fused with a mutant mouse fibroblast line (LMTK-) which is aminopterin sensitive due to a deficiency in the enzyme thymidine kinase. After fusion with polyethylene glycol, cells containing nuclear material from the two parental lines (heterokaryons) were selected in medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine, and resultant clones were screened for hPRL secretion. Functional human X mouse somatic cell hybrid clones secreting hPRL were isolated in order to study hPRL gene expression and regulation. Positive hybrid clones were subcultured and have sustained hPRL secretion. The hybrid nature of the cells was confirmed by fibroblastic morphology resembling the mouse parental cell, mixed karyotype of mouse and human chromosomes, and mixed isozyme banding pattern for human and mouse glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme. Specific expression of the hPRL gene was demonstrated by the presence of electron microscopic secretory granules (650-800 nm), positive immunoperoxidase staining using anti-hPRL serum, and sustained secretion of immunoreactive hPRL, which comigrated with [125I] hPRL standard on Sephadex chromatography. Hormonal modulation of hPRL gene expression by TRH was dominantly expressed in the hybrid cell. Human chromosome 6 was identified in hybrid cells secreting hPRL, and the cells expressed human malic enzyme, a marker for this chromosome, thus confirming the chromosome assignment of the hPRL gene. The results show that functional replicating hybrids secreting hPRL can be isolated. The technique provides a useful in vitro model for the study of hPRL gene expression and modulation.
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PMID:Isolation of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids producing human prolactin: dominant expression of hormone secretion and regulation. 640 19


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