Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.21 (thymidine kinase)
 7,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adenovirus (Ad) DNA replication requires nuclear factor I (NFI), a cellular sequence-specific DNA binding protein which binds to the Ad DNA inverted terminal repeat (ITR). The NFI binding consensus sequence, TGGN6-7GCCAA, possibly includes the CCAAT-box which is often observed in regulatory elements of transcription. Adjacent to the NFI binding site on the Ad ITR is the binding site for nuclear factor III (NFIII), another cellular factor that stimulates Ad DNA replication in a cell-free system. Using gel retardation assay, we have examined the tissue specificity of these DNA binding activities in mouse. High NFI activity was detected in nuclear extracts from mouse liver, kidney, and spleen. Competition gel retardation assay with double-stranded oligonucleotides containing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene or hsp70 gene CCAAT-box showed no effect on mouse NFI binding to its binding site. In the course of competitive DNA-binding assay, we detected a novel DNA binding protein in mouse kidney nuclear extracts, designated nuclear factor K (NFK). The NFK binding site is included in the NFIII binding site on the Ad ITR. NFK seems to be different from NFIII, in mode of binding to its binding site.
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PMID:Tissue-specific DNA binding of nuclear proteins that bind to the adenovirus inverted terminal repeat. 276 19

The location of nucleotide sequences within the bovid herpesvirus 1 (BHV-2) genome homologous to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA were investigated. BHV-2 DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases and blotted to nitrocellulose paper. The blots were then probed with plasmids containing HSV-1 genes for thymidine kinase (TK), the major DNA binding protein (ICP8), the major capsid protein (VP5) and genes for HSV-1 glycoproteins gB, gD, and gC. Except for HSV-1 gC, each HSV-1 gene tested hybridized to BHV-2 nucleotide sequences that were located either on both sides of a restriction endonuclease cleavage site, within a small restriction endonuclease fragment, or to an area common to two overlapping restriction fragments. Thus, we were able to localize BHV-2 nucleotide sequences homologous to the HSV-1 ICP8 gene between 0.38 and 0.41 map units (m.u.), and BHV-2 nucleotide sequences homologous to the HSV-1 VP5 gene between 0.24 and 0.27 m.u. In addition, BHV-2 nucleotide sequences homologous to HSV-1 genes for TK, gB and gD were found to lie on both sides of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites at 0.30, 0.35, and 0.94 m.u., respectively.
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PMID:Genomic location of bovid herpesvirus type 2 nucleotide sequences homologous to five herpes simplex virus type 1 genes. 284 79

We have introduced the DNA binding protein (DBP) gene of human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) into high molecular weight DNA of permissive human cells by cotransformation of tk- cells with the cloned DBP and HSV-1 thymidine kinase genes. 110 tk+ cell lines were isolated after selection in HAT medium. The amount and arrangement of adenovirus sequences in the tk+ cell lines were analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion and filter hybridization. Twelve of the 110 lines carry at least a segment of the DBP gene while only three of these contain the entire DBP gene at approximately one copy per cell. Cytoplasmic, polyadenylated DBP mRNA is made in all three cell lines though the amount is very low compared to that present in infected HeLa cells. The cell line U13-2 which contains approximately 1/30 the steady-state level of DBP mRNA found in infected HeLa cells produces a few percent of the amount of DBP made during the peak period of DBP synthesis in infected cells. The other two lines contain lower levels of DBP mRNA and do not synthesize detectable levels of the protein. When these DBP-tk+ cell lines are infected with adenovirus mutants containing temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in the DBP gene, only U13-2 permits some viral DNA replication (and hence late gene expression) at the nonpermissive temperature, indicating that sufficient quantities of DBP from the integrated gene are produced to allow complementation of the ts mutation in this cell line. However, growth of these ts mutants (as measured by virus production) is only partially complemented in U13-2 at the nonpermissive temperature.
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PMID:Construction of human cell lines which contain and express the adenovirus DNA binding protein gene by cotransformation with the HSV-1 tk gene. 609 56

Only 8% of the sequences of the genomes of pseudorabies (PRV) and herpes simplex (type 1) (HSV) viruses are homologous. These homologous sequences have been shown previously to be distributed throughout most of the genomes of the two viruses. By means of blot hybridization of restriction fragments of HSV-1 DNA to cloned, nick-translated restriction fragments of PRV DNA, it was possible to compare the location on the genomes of these viruses of the homologous regions. The results showed that the genome of PRV is, for the most part, colinear with the IL arrangement of the genome of HSV-1. An inversion or translocation of sequences mapping on the PRV genome between 0.07 and 0.39 map units was observed on the genome of one of these viruses. A comparison of the map positions of five genes with known functions confirmed these findings. The genes coding for the major immediate-early protein, the major capsid protein, and the thymidine kinase occupy similar positions on the genome of PRV and on the genome of HSV-1 in the IL arrangement. However, the genes for DNA polymerase and for the major DNA binding protein appear to be inverted relative to one another on the genomes of the two viruses.
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PMID:Localization of the regions of homology between the genomes of herpes simplex virus, type 1, and pseudorabies virus. 630 15

The purpose of this review is to summarize information published since 1990 on DNA replication, recombination and repair of vaccinia virus, a poxvirus. Temperature-sensitive mutations reveal four essential genes related to viral DNA replication: the E9L DNA polymerase, B1R protein kinase, D5R protein, and D4R uracil DNA glycosylase. Other proteins are likely to be also involved in viral DNA replication: the H6R DNA topoisomerase, I3L single stranded-DNA binding protein, H5R virosome-associated protein, and A50R DNA ligase. In addition, several viral-encoded proteins do regulate the level of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pool: the J2R thymidine kinase, A48R thymidylate kinase, 14L and F4L subunits of ribonucleotide reductase, and F2L dUTPase. Despite the apparent simplicity of the mechanism of vaccinia virus DNA replication, several important questions related to the three Rs remain unsolved.
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PMID:Vaccinia virus DNA replication: a short review. 882 74

Elevated serum IgA to antigens of EBV is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We have tested 620 NPC sera by ELISA for the presence of antibodies to EBV-encoded DNA binding protein, EBV-specific DNA polymerase, early antigen-diffused (EA-D), EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), EBV-specific thymidine kinase, and BamHI Z fragment EBV replication antigen. Sensitivity of these proteins was in the range of 51.5-79.5% for IgA and 69.4-82.8% for IgG. The complementary use of EBNA-1 with EA-D, however, could increase the sensitivity significantly to 98.1%. Western blot analysis further showed that the combination of EBNA-1 and EA-D is most useful for the detection of NPC. This is the first report of using double biomarkers including EBV gene products from both latent and active infections. The results of this study suggest that EBV in NPC may not be latent alone and that the method may be valuable for the early detection, early treatment, and better survival rate of patients with NPC. Because the application of recombinant EBV protein in ELISA is cost-effective and feasible for mass screening, the method may be of worth for further clinical investigation.
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PMID:Serum responses to the combination of Epstein-Barr virus antigens from both latent and acute phases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: complementary test of EBNA-1 with EA-D. 914 97

cDNAs encoding a novel DNA binding protein, termed Finb (finger protein in nuclear bodies) were molecularly cloned. The Finb protein consists of 1656 amino acids, containing 15 C2H2-type zinc fingers and three proline-rich regions. Finb efficiently activates transcription from the promoters of the metallothionein and thymidine kinase genes. The finb mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in various cell lines and tissues. The protein product is localized in nuclear bodies, whereas the N-terminally truncated protein spreads throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Further characterization of Finb would unravel an important role of nuclear body-involved transcriptional regulation.
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PMID:A novel zinc finger protein, Finb, is a transcriptional activator and localized in nuclear bodies. 930 72

The human adenine nucleotide translocase-2 (ANT2) promoter contains a silencer region that confers partial repression on the heterologous herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) promoter [Barath, P., Albert-Fournier, B., Luciakova, K., Nelson, B.D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem.274, 3378-3384]. Two sequences in the silencer (Site-2 and Site-3) are protected in the DNase I assay in vitro, and one of these is a repeated GTCCTG element previously shown to act as the active repressor element. We have now purified the DNA binding protein, and identified it using MALDI-TOF MS as a 33-kDa member of the nuclear factor 1 (NF1) family of transcription factors. NF1 purified from rat liver and HeLa cell nuclei bind to both silencer Site-2 and Site-3, resulting in a DNase I footprint identical to that obtained with purified recombinant NF1. Furthermore, transient transfection experiments with reporter constructs containing mutated silencer Site-2 and/or Site-3 show that both sites contribute to repression of the HSVtk promoter. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that NF1 is bound to both elements on the endogenous HeLa cell ANT2 promoter. Our data support the belief that NF1 acts as a repressor when bound to silencing Site-2 and Site-3 of the ANT2 gene.
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PMID:Identification of NF1 as a silencer protein of the human adenine nucleotide translocase-2 gene. 1509 17