Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.1.21 (thymidine kinase)
 7,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent reports by several laboratories indicate that not all non-essential target loci are equally capable of detecting chromosomal mutations. The present study was undertaken to determine if both the tk locus in mouse lymphoma cells and the hgprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can be used to quantitate chromosomal mutations. Seven known mutagens for the tk locus were selected. These compounds were evaluated in the mouse lymphoma assay and in a suspension adapted CHO assay for their mutagenicity. In addition to the specific locus mutagenesis analysis, mouse lymphoma and CHO cells were evaluated for the frequency of gross chromosome aberrations. From these investigations, it appears that only those compounds [2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-(3-[ethyl-2-chloroethyl] aminopropylamino)-acridine-dihydrochloride (ICR 170), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)] that induce significant numbers of large-colony thymidine kinase (TK) mutants also induce significant numbers of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) mutants. The four acrylates evaluated (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate) induced almost exclusively small-colony TK mutants and very few if any HGPRT mutants. Aberration analysis revealed that both the mouse lymphoma and CHO cells responded to the clastogenicity of the compounds (except for ICR 170 which was not positive in CHO cells) and that neither cell line was clearly more sensitive than the other to the clastogens tested. It is significant that the four acrylates give little or no evidence of genotoxicity when evaluated using selection for HGPRT-deficient mutants, yet are clearly clastogenic to the same cells in the same experiment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hgprt locus may not be useful as a marker to evaluate the clastogenic component of a genotoxic compound. The present study adds to the increasing number of studies that support the view that the hemizygous nature of the hgprt locus permits the recovery of mutations primarily affecting the function of a single gene; whereas the heterozygous nature of the tk locus permits the recovery of both single gene and chromosomal mutations.
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PMID:Differential mutant quantitation at the mouse lymphoma tk and CHO hgprt loci. 268 35

A recombinant plasmid containing the thymidine kinase (TK) gene (pAGO; 6.36 kilobases) was reacted in vitro with (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene. The covalent binding of the metabolite to the circular forms of pAGO was visible by a drastic change in their mobility during agarose gel electrophoresis. The 4% modified DNA was only partially restricted by different endonucleases. Modification and limited restriction were correlated to the biological activity by transfer of the plasmid (TK gene), modified and unmodified, to TK-deficient cells. Upon transfection of mouse LTK- cells with modified plasmid or modified TK gene, no or only a few TK-positive cells were obtained, in contrast to the formation of many colonies after transfection with the unmodified plasmid (gene). Benzo(a)-pyrene itself and phenanthrene oxide, a weakly reactive but noncarcinogenic chemical, did not induce this effect. The reactive diol-epoxides of noncarcinogenic benzo(a)acridine and carcinogenic benzo(c)acridine showed a weaker but similar decreasing effect on the formation of TK+ clones. This inhibition of transformation efficiency suggests inactivation of the gene by chemical modification. Our experimental approach challenges the repair capacity of the eukaryotic cell and thus renders the strategy suitable not only as a eukaryotic test for carcinogens but also as a tool for the study of carcinogenesis as aberrant gene expression.
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PMID:Inactivation of the thymidine kinase gene after in vitro modification with benzo(a)pyrene-diol-epoxide and transfer to LTK- cells as a eukaryotic test for carcinogens. 643 73