Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.21 (thymidine kinase)
7,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transcription of the cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene is restricted to cardiac and embryonic skeletal muscle tissue. A DNA segment containing 129 nucleotides upstream from the cTNT transcription initiation site (cTNT-129) directs expression of a heterologous marker gene in transfected embryonic skeletal muscle cells but is inactive in embryonic cardiac or fibroblast cells. By using chimeric promoter constructions, in which distal and proximal segments of cTNT-129 are fused to reciprocal segments of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV tk) gene promoter, the DNA segment responsible for this cell specificity can be localized to the cTNT distal promoter region, located between 50 and 129 nucleotides upstream of the transcription initiation site. The ability of the cTNT distal promoter region to confer skeletal muscle-specific activity upon a heterologous promoter is abolished when it is displaced 60 nucleotides upstream, indicating that its ability to direct skeletal muscle-specific transcription probably requires proximity to other components of the transcription initiation region. Two copies of the heptamer, CATTCCT ("muscle-CAT" or "M-CAT" motif), reside within the 80-nucleotide cTNT distal promoter region. A 3-nucleotide mutation in one of these copies inactivates the cTNT promoter in skeletal muscle cells. Therefore, the M-CAT motif is a distal promoter element required for expression of the cTNT promoter in embryonic skeletal muscle cells. Since the M-CAT motif is found in other contractile protein gene promoters, it may represent one example of a muscle-specific promoter element.
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PMID:A conserved CATTCCT motif is required for skeletal muscle-specific activity of the cardiac troponin T gene promoter. 341 4

The 5'-flanking sequences of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene contain a cell-specific control element. Hybrid genes containing truncated 5'-flanking DNA fragments from the hGH gene fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene were examined using transient transfection of rat anterior pituitary (GC) and nonpituitary cell lines (HeLa, Rat 2, and KB); preferential expression of these gene hybrids was only observed in GC cells. Deletions through the 5'-flanking sequences of the hGH gene revealed that the region containing nucleotides -230 to -180 is required for efficient cat gene expression in GC cells. This region of DNA is highly homologous to a region of the rGH gene that contains a tissue-specific control element. A hybrid gene containing the tissue-specific control element, but lacking the proximal promoter elements, of the hGH gene upstream from the promoter of the thymidine kinase gene (TKp) from herpes simplex virus ligated to the cat gene produced more CAT activity than the TKp.cat gene in GC cells but not in HeLa cells. These data suggest that the tissue-specific control element located in the 5'-region of the hGH gene can act in the presence of a heterologous promoter and is specific for expression in pituitary cells.
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PMID:The 5'-flanking sequences of the human growth hormone gene contain a cell-specific control element. 346 66

Evidence is presented which suggests that recombinant vaccinia virus particles (VV:CAT), containing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene, are capable of encapsidating both the foreign protein which they encode (CAT) as well as cellular enzymes such as thymidine kinase. These results are discussed with respect to using VV to passively introduce biologically-active proteins into cells or organisms.
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PMID:Association of non-viral proteins with recombinant vaccinia virus virions. 347 3

The estrogen-responsive element (ERE) present in the 5'-flanking region of the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin (vit) gene B1 has been characterized by transient expression analysis of chimeric vit-tk-CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) gene constructs transfected into the human estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cell line. The vit B1 ERE behaves like an inducible enhancer, since it is able to confer estrogen inducibility to the heterologous HSV thymidine kinase (tk) promoter in a relative position- and orientation-independent manner. In this assay, the minimal B1 ERE is 33 bp long and consists of two 13 bp imperfect palindromic elements both of which are required for the enhancer activity. A third imperfect palindromic element is present further upstream within the 5'-flanking region of the gene but is unable to confer hormone responsiveness by itself. Similarly, neither element forming the B1 ERE can alone confer estrogen inducibility to the tk promoter. However, in combinations of two, all three imperfect palindromes can act cooperatively to form a functional ERE. In contrast a single 13 bp perfect palindromic element, GGTCACTGTGACC, such as the one found upstream of the vit gene A2, is itself sufficient to act as a fully active ERE. Single point mutations within this element abolish estrogen inducibility, while a defined combination of two mutations converts this ERE into a glucocorticoid-responsive element.
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PMID:The estrogen-responsive element as an inducible enhancer: DNA sequence requirements and conversion to a glucocorticoid-responsive element. 348 Jul 98

The chicken lysozyme gene is constitutively active in macrophages and under the control of steroid hormones in the oviduct. To investigate which DNA elements are involved in the control of its expression in macrophages we performed transient DNA transfer experiments with two different types of plasmids: 5'-deletion mutants of the upstream region of the chicken lysozyme gene and different fragments from this area in front of the thymidine kinase promoter (herpes simplex virus), each placed in front of the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) coding sequence. Two enhancers (E-2.7 kb and E-0.2 kb) were characterized. They are active in macrophages, but not in chicken fibroblasts. Furthermore a negative element (N-2.4 kb) was identified, which is active in fibroblasts and promyelocytes, but not in mature macrophages. The combined action of all three elements contributes to the observed lysozyme gene activities: no activity in fibroblasts, moderate activity in promyelocytes and high activity in mature macrophages.
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PMID:Lysozyme gene activity in chicken macrophages is controlled by positive and negative regulatory elements. 358 88

We have used stable transformation of a cloned Drosophila hsp70 gene into mouse Ltk- cells as an assay system to determine which sequences are involved in the temperature-induced transcription of the gene. We have analyzed the effect of different external deletions on the ability of the gene to be transcribed after temperature elevation. We have also constructed chimeric genes containing different sequences of the hsp70 promoter region joined to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, and we have studied the heat-shock inducibility of the thymidine kinase gene after transformation into mouse cells. Our results suggest that the heat-shock genes are under negative control and that their activation is the result of a derepression of the gene. In addition, our experiments indicate that the heat-shock consensus sequence is necessary but not sufficient for temperature-induced transcription, and its role seems to be functionally similar to other transcription signals (i.e. the CAT box) located upstream from the TATA box in several eukaryotic genes. We are proposing that there are two additional regulatory elements besides the consensus sequence which must be present for proper temperature-dependent transcription to occur. Either one of these elements, which are located on opposite sides of the TATA box, may serve at any one time to ensure transcription; that is, only one at a time is needed for proper expression of the heat-shock gene.
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PMID:Identification of sequences involved in the transcriptional control of a Drosophila heat-shock gene. 609 75

We have investigated the ability of a constitutively active Gq-alpha mutant, Q209L-alpha q, to regulate target gene expression. Transient expression in GH3 pituitary cells of a rat proximal prolactin promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct (-187)PRL-CAT, was stimulated by co-expression of Q209L alpha q, but not by wild-type alpha q. Q209L-alpha q stimulated expression of constructs driven by promoters for either rat prolactin or growth hormone, but not of a control construct driven by the thymidine kinase promoter. Thus, transcriptional effects of alpha q are specific both for the activated state of this G-alpha subunit and the promoter examined. Since both the prolactin and growth hormone promoters are activated by the pituitary cell-specific transcription factor Pit-1, we examined whether a Pit-1 binding site could direct a response to Q209L-alpha q. Two copies of prolactin promoter Pit-1 binding site 1P conferred upon a heterologous metallothionein promoter a response to Q209L-alpha q, implying an involvement of this site in the transcriptional action of Q209L-alpha q on the prolactin promoter. The phorbol ester activator of protein kinase C, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, stimulated (-187)PRL-CAT activity, but opposed the action of Q209L-alpha q on activity of this PRL-CAT construct. Q209L-alpha q stimulation of (-187)PRL-CAT activity was inhibited by co-expression of a dominant negative Raf mutant, Raf-C4, but not by a point mutant of Raf-C4 with reduced inhibitory properties. These results imply that activated alpha q subunits can stimulate prolactin promoter activity via a pathway that involves a Pit-1 DNA binding site(s), is opposed by protein kinase C, and is mediated by a pathway in which Raf-1 kinase plays a role.
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PMID:Constitutively active Gq-alpha stimulates prolactin promoter activity via a pathway involving Raf activity. 748 29

1. The transcriptional regulation of the rat brain L-type calcium channel alpha 1D subunit (RB alpha 1D) gene was investigated using NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma cells. 2. Differentiation of NG108-15 cells in the presence of prostaglandin E1 or retinoic acid resulted in the appearance of mRNA encoding the RB alpha 1D subunit detected using Northern blot analysis. 3. A rat genomic DNA library was screened, and a 15.2-kb clone was isolated and partially sequenced which included part of the 5' upstream sequence through the initial part of intron 2 of the RB alpha 1D gene. 4. Deletion analysis, using a CAT reporter gene and transfected NG108-15 cells, revealed that the 1.2-kb 5'-upstream sequence from the RB alpha 1D gene contains cis-acting positive and negative regulatory elements. A deletion of the 3' end of exon 1 also suggested the presence of regulatory elements in the first exon. 5. DNase footprinting of exon 1 of the RB alpha 1D gene revealed two regions protected from digestion by specific protein binding, and the second region included an (ATG)7 trinucleotide repeat sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed nuclear protein(s) binding to the (ATG)7 sequence. 6. The (ATG)7 sequence functions as a enhancer when linked to a thymidine kinase promoter and a CAT reporter gene. 7. These results provide the initial description of the transcriptional regulation of the RB alpha 1D gene and identify a novel enhancer that consists of an (ATG)7 trinucleotide repeat sequence.
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PMID:Transcriptional regulation of the neuronal L-type calcium channel alpha 1D subunit gene. 755 31

A genomic DNA clone for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) 24-hydroxylase was isolated from a human chromosome 20 library. It spans 2.42 kb, containing the first two exons, the first and part of the second introns, and a 1.26 kb 5'-flanking region. Putative transcription cis-elements were revealed throughout the 5'-flanking region, including TATA box, CAAT box, GC boxes, vitamin D-responsive elements (VDRE), AP1, and AP2 sites. In a CAT reporter gene expression assay, the 24-hydroxylase promoter with its 1.2 kb 5'-flanking sequence elicits a 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced transactivation activity. Gel mobility shift assays of those putative DREs have identified that two different elements can form specific complexes with porcine intestinal nuclear extract (PINE). The specificity of VDRE-PINE complexes was verified by supershift assay with VDR-specific monoclonal antibody VXIE10B6. The proximal element VDREp (-172/-143) consists of three direct repeat half-sites, GAGTCAgcgAGGTGAgcgAGGGCG, in anti-sense orientation. The distal element VDREd (-293/-273) consists of two direct repeat half-sites, GCGTTCaccGGGTGT, also in anti-sense orientation. Both VDREs can direct a reporter gene expression using a heterologous herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) promoter in a 1,25-(OH)2D3-dependent fashion. Further characterization of these VDREs in various constructs with either a native or TK promoter suggests that both VDREs are required for the optimal induction of 24-hydroxylase expression by 1,25-(OH)2D3.
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PMID:Cloning of the human 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 24-hydroxylase gene promoter and identification of two vitamin D-responsive elements. 763 26

Elements responsible for the transcriptional activity of the human ATP synthase beta-subunit (ATPsyn beta) gene promoter have been studied through transient expression in HepG2 hepatoma cells of a CAT gene connected with various 5'-deletion mutants of the 5'-flanking region. Promoter activity was mostly dependent upon a single CCAAT motif as well as a nearby Ets domain binding region. This last region contains two sites that bind Ets-related proteins present in liver nuclear extracts as well as recombinant purified Ets-1 protein. The ATPsyn beta promoter was trans-activated by Ets-1 and Ets-2 expression vectors, and this effect was lost when the Ets binding region was deleted. The Ets binding region of the ATPsyn beta promoter increased basal expression and conferred Ets-1- and Ets-2-dependent trans-activation to the herpes symplex thymidine kinase minimal promoter. A double-point mutation of the main Ets-binding site, which suppresses Ets binding, blocks Ets-dependent trans-activation. It is concluded that the gene for the mitochondrial ATPsyn beta is a target of transcriptional activation by members of the Ets family of transcription factors. It is suggested that Ets transcription factors may be involved in the enhanced expression of the ATPsyn beta gene in highly proliferating cells and in the coordinate transcription of nuclear genes for mitochondrial proteins.
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PMID:ETS transcription factors regulate the expression of the gene for the human mitochondrial ATP synthase beta-subunit. 779 71


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