Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.21 (thymidine kinase)
 7,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The concentrations of 16 to 21 enzymes, representing various metabolic pathways, have been determined in human adult, fetal, and neoplastic lung. At midgestation, 12 enzymes (among them, several that metabolize amino acids) were above their adult values while 3 other enzymes were still at low concentrations. These signs of biochemical immaturity are contrasted and compared with those in fetal human liver and rat lung. The enzymic composition of the 11 human pulmonary tumors studied resembled that of the normal fetal lungs closely; the same 12 enzymes were elevated and the same 2 were decreased (compared to nonneoplastic adult lung) in both. The characteristic abnormality in the overall pattern of enzymes, in the concentrations of individual ones, and in the quality of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was clearly evident in both primary and metastatic tumors. The mean concentrations of 10 enzymes in the tumors were significantly different (higher or lower) from those in the control lungs (p less than 0.001 to less than 0.05). The best markers of neoplasticity were thymidine kinase, peptidyl proline hydroxylase, phosphoserine phosphatase, hexokinase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. The results demonstrate that quantification of a small battery of enzymes, none of them tissue specific, can distinguish adult human lung from its neoplasms.
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PMID:The undifferentiated enzymic composition of human fetal lung and pulmonary tumors. 18 17

In samples of colonic adenocarcinomas, the mean activities of thymidine kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine phosphatase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase were several fold higher than those of nonneoplastic colon. The presence of considerable, cold labile pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity provided an additional criterion for distinguishing tumors from the control tissue. Deviations from the pattern of enzymes in normal colon were much more pronounced in the five moderately well-differentiated than in the single well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Human colon tumors: enzymic and histological characteristics. 21 73

The enzymic composition of 7 human mesothelioma lines propagated in nude mice was compared with 4 of the original and 15 additional mesotheliomas sampled during the patients' surgery. The xenografts exhibited several-fold higher thymidine kinase (TK), uridine kinase (UK), phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) and peptidyl proline hydroxylase (PPH) concentrations than the fresh human samples, while their DNA, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and beta-galactosidase (Bgal) contents remained similar. The volume growth rate of the xenografts (doubling time, DT = 9.23 +/- 1.25 days) was much faster than that of tumors in the human host, and the decline of this rate with increasing nodule size was accompanied by decreases in TK and PSP concentrations. This first quantitative biochemical study of xenografted human neoplasms indicates that 1) pleural mesotheliomas, though preserving their histological characteristics after heterotransplantation, show considerable increases of enzymes in nucleic acid, collagen, and nonessential amino acid synthesis, and that 2) the concentration of TK is a good indicator of the different growth properties of tumors in a mouse rather than in the human host.
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PMID:Enzymic composition and growth rate of human pleural mesothelioma transplants in nude mice. 176 9

In samples of 16 surgically resected mesotheliomas arising from the pleura of the human lung, 6 enzymes from different metabolic pathways, DNA, and mitotic frequency were quantified. The mesotheliomas, irrespective of cell type or grade, showed lower gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) concentration than 36 of the 38 pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The mean concentration of this enzyme in the 15 mesotheliomas was an eighth of that in the 56 carcinomas, whereas their DNA content was similar. The quantitative correlation of thymidine kinase (TK), uridine kinase (UK), and phosphoserine phosphatase to mitotic frequency was highly significant for mesotheliomas, as well as for carcinomas. As estimated from their TK [and its recently established quantitative correlation to volume doubling time (DT)], the DT of the 16 mesotheliomas ranged from 50 to over 700 days, with a somewhat longer median than the median for pulmonary carcinomas. Subject survival, though shortest for the 2 sarcomatous mesothelioma cases, varied over an overlapping range for mesotheliomas with epithelial or mixed cell type. The biopsy samples' TK and UK concentrations, however, showed a significant inverse correlation with months of survival after diagnosis. Survival time after the first appearance of symptoms decreased linearly (on log scales) with TK concentration (P less than .001) over the 14 cases. The results of this first quantitative study of a spectrum of biochemical constituents of mesotheliomas identify GGT as an enzyme whose measurement guards against mistaking mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas for one another and show that the TK concentrations of these mesothelioma samples bear a highly significant, inverse correlation to the postdiagnosis survival time of the individual subjects.
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PMID:Enzyme pathology of human mesotheliomas. 288 44

The concentrations of ten or 12 enzymes involved in the metabolism of DNA, collagen, amino acids, or glucose have been determined in variants of human intestinal and pulmonary tissues. In comparison to nonneoplastic adult colon, normal fetal colon had elevated concentrations of thymidine kinase, peptidyl proline hydroxylase, phosphoserine phosphatase, ornithine transcarbamylase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and ornithine aminotransferase. Raised activities of the first five of these enzymes, and of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase distinguishes neoplastic from nonneoplastic sections of adult colon. Study of a wide range of pulmonary specimens permitted comparisons of different types of tumors, and revealed some subtle differences between lungs of noncancer patients and nonneoplastic portions of host lungs. The concentrations of eight previously identified enzymic indicators were less in moderately or well differentiated than in poorly differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The latter differed from epidermoid carcinomas (also poorly differentiated) by containing lower concentrations of thymidine kinase (both soluble and particulate) and hexokinase.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in human fetal and neoplastic tissues. 625 48

The purpose of the present enzymic and histologic analysis of pulmonary samples from 39 subjects was to discern a common, meaningful pattern which may underlie the biochemical heterogeneity of lung neoplasms. The distribution among the different tumors of thymidine kinase, uridine kinase, phosphoserine phosphatase, hexokinase and adenylate kinase was found to correlate with each other. By averaging their standardized units (normal lung = 0) an enzymic index of neoplasticity was calculated for each tumor and used (in increasing order) to rank all 39. The index, showing a significant positive correlation with mitotic frequency, encompassed a continuous 100-fold range. Poorly differentiated carcinomas ranked high while neoplasms with better differentiation and prognosis placed in the lower half of the range. The results indicate that enzymes showing coordinated variations over a broad spectrum of tumors could contribute objective criteria to the rating of any individual tumor against a continuous, quantitative scale of neoplasticity.
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PMID:Enzyme pathology and the histologic categorization of human lung tumors: the continuum of quantitative biochemical indices of neoplasticity. 627 48