Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Under effects of myocardial ischemia (30 min), the activities of the intermembrane enzymes of rabbit heart mitochondria, i.e., adenylate kinase and creatine kinase, are inhibited by 20% and 23%, respectively. Consequently, the creatine- and AMP-activated respiration of mitochondria diminishes by 52% and 39%, respectively. An inhibitory analysis of ADP-, AMP- and creatine-activated mitochondrial respiration performed in the presence of atractyloside has demonstrated that ischemia (30 min), adriblastin (0.688 mM) and succinate (10 mM) cause alterations in the functional coupling of adenylate kinase and creatine kinase with the adenine nucleotide translocator. These alterations lead to the diminution of the rate and efficiency of energy transfer from mitochondria to hexokinase, as an arbitrary site of energy consumption. An addition of cytochrome c to ischemic heart mitochondria results in an increase in the rate of ATP synthesis; however, the efficiency of this process is lowered. The toxic effect of the anticancer drug--adriblastin on heart mitochondria respiration is enhanced in the presence of creatine in the bathing solution.
...
PMID:[Functional changes in the mitochondrial site of adenylate kinase and creatine kinase systems of energy transport induced by myocardial ischemia and adriablastin]. 284 Jan 29

Chloroquine at pH 8.0 and 1mM [corrected] concentration inhibits about 30% glucose consumption and ethanol formation in yeast cells. Out of the 11 glycolytic enzymes assayed, phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate decarboxylase have been found to be most sensitive to chloroquine. Next sensitive are hexokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase. Kinetic studies with the three kinases studied revealed competitive inhibition of chloroquine with ATP (hexokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase) or ADP (pyruvate kinase).
...
PMID:Sensitivity of yeast glycolytic enzymes to chloroquine. 284 78

The effect of Adriamycin on mitochondria of the rat heart, liver, and Ehrlich ascites tumor mitochondria has been evaluated. The results may be summarized as follows: Adriamycin reduces both ADP- and FCCP-stimulated respiration, inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, decreases mitochondrial ATP-ase activity, and affects the redox state of respiratory carriers. These alterations are common to all types of mitochondria tested with almost similar patterns. However, the severe cardiotoxicity of the drug cannot be ascribed only to an effect on mitochondrial energy-yielding processes. The addition of hexokinase to phosphorylating heart mitochondria does not increase the sensitivity of succinate oxidation to Adriamycin. Experiments to determine the site of action were not able to detect a specific point of attack. It is conceivable, therefore, that the modifications induced by Adriamycin on the functional parameters of mitochondria may be ascribed to alterations of the physical state of some components of the inner mitochondrial membrane, e.g., lipids, which regulate the kinetic properties of the membrane-associated enzymes.
...
PMID:Effect of adriamycin on electron transport in rat heart, liver, and tumor mitochondria. 287 39

Incubation of [gamma-32P]ATP with a molar excess of the membrane-bound form of mitochondrial ATPase (F1) results in binding of the bulk of the radioactive nucleotide in high affinity catalytic sites (Ka = 10(12) M-1). Subsequent initiation of respiration by addition of succinate or NADH is accompanied by a profound decrease in the affinity for ATP. About one-third of the bound radioactive ATP appears to dissociate, that is, the [gamma-32P]ATP becomes accessible to hexokinase. The NADH-stimulated dissociation of [gamma-32P]ATP is energy-dependent since the stimulation is inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and is prevented by respiratory chain inhibitors. The rate of the energy-dependent dissociation of ATP that occurs in the presence of NADH, ADP, and Pi is commensurate with the measured initial rate of ATP synthesis in NADH-supported oxidative phosphorylation catalyzed by the same submitochondrial particles. Thus, the rate of dissociation of ATP from the high affinity catalytic site of submitochondrial particles meets the criterion of kinetic competency under the conditions of oxidative phosphorylation. These experiments provide evidence in support of the argument that energy conserved during the oxidation of substrates by the respiratory chain can be utilized to reduce the very tight binding of product ATP in high affinity catalytic sites and to promote dissociation of the nucleotide.
...
PMID:Energy-dependent dissociation of ATP from high affinity catalytic sites of beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. 293 42

The rates of ATP synthesis and release by the dynein ATPase were determined in order to estimate thermodynamic parameters according to the pathway: (Formula: see text). Dynein was incubated with high concentrations of ADP and Pi to drive the net synthesis of ATP, and the rate of ATP production was monitored fluorometrically by production of NADPH through a coupled assay using hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The turnover number for the rate of release of ATP from 22S dynein was 0.01 s-1 per site at pH 7.0, 28 degrees C, assuming a molecular weight of 750 000 per site. The same method gave a rate of ATP synthesis by myosin subfragment 1 of 3.4 X 10(-4) s-1 at pH 7.0, 28 degrees C. The rate of ATP synthesis at the active site was estimated from the time dependence of medium phosphate-water oxygen exchange. Dynein was incubated with ADP and [18O] Pi, and the rate of loss of the labeled oxygen to water was monitored by 31P NMR. A partition coefficient of 0.31 was determined, which is equal to k-2/(k-2 + k3). Assuming k3 = 8 s-1 [Johnson, K.A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13825-13832], k-2 = 3.5 s-1. From the rates of ATP binding and hydrolysis measured previously (Johnson, 1983), the equilibrium constants for ATP binding and hydrolysis could be calculated: K1 = 5 X 10(7) M-1 and K2 = 14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Rate of ATP synthesis by dynein. 293 51

Analogues of adenine nucleotides, containing an additional chloromethyl-pyrimidone ring fused to the purine base, were obtained by treatment of AMP, ADP and ATP with an alpha-acetylenic ester, methyl 4-chlorobut-2-ynoate. These compounds were tested for their ability to substitute for the natural substrates or cofactors of several enzymes. With the ADP analogue, pyruvate kinase showed a significant increase of the Km value and a moderate decrease of V, while the reverse was observed when hexokinase was tested with modified ATP. Adenylate kinase was active with the ATP analogue but not with the AMP derivative. Myosin accepted the ATP analogue as a substrate, but was irreversibly modified. Among the dehydrogenases tested, only glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited by the nucleotide analogue. The structure--activity relationship of these nucleotide derivatives, which represent the largest dimensional deviation known from natural nucleotides, is discussed in comparison with some earlier described dimensional probes of enzyme-nucleotide binding sites.
...
PMID:Reactions of nucleic acid bases with alpha-acetylenic esters. Synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of chemically modified nucleotides. 294 24

The enzymes of glycolysis and selected enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathways were measured by fluorometric methods in extracts prepared from cultures of normal cortical human astrocytes and from cultures derived from low-grade (II) or high-grade (IV) gliomas. The hexokinase and phosphofructokinase levels of the low-grade glioma-derived line were not significantly different from those of the normal astrocyte cultures. However, the activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase were consistently and significantly increased in the high-grade glioma-derived lines. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly decreased in all glioma-derived lines and by more than 90% in the high-grade-derived lines. Other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway were not significantly different from those of normal astrocytes, or they showed a variation inconsistently related to the neoplastic state. Glucose flux is not apparently regulated to a significant degree of hexokinase in glioma-derived lines, since the measured Vmax values are in substantial excess over the measured flux rates. Reversible binding of hexokinase to the particulate fraction was observed in both the normal astrocytes cultures and the high-grade glioma-derived lines. A twofold displacement of particulate hexokinase by ATP, ADP, 1-O-methylglucose, sorbitol-6-phosphate, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP was observed in the high-grade glioma-derived lines. The degree of displacement by various agents and the basal ratio of free/bound was not significantly different between the transformers and the nontransformants. The hexokinase from both the gliomas and the normal astrocytes was noncompetitively inhibited by the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Phosphofructokinase activity is close to the observed glucose flux rates in both the normal astrocyte and the glioma-derived cultures. The phosphofructokinase activity of normal astrocytes is activated twofold or more by ADP, AMP, fructose-2,6-diphosphate, and Pi. However, these same ligands activate phosphofructokinase by less than twofold in a typical high-grade glioma-derived line. ATP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and citrate inhibit glioma and normal astrocytic phosphofructokinase, but the magnitude of the inhibition is much less than in the glioma-derived lines.
...
PMID:Enzymes of glucose metabolism in cultured human gliomas: neoplasia is accompanied by altered hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels. 297 16

Mitochondrial-bound glycerol kinase in rat brain was examined with reference to factors involved in the binding and significance of the binding in relation to ATP metabolism inside the mitochondria. The mitochondrial-bound glycerol kinase was solubilized with glycerol 3-phosphate or ADP, and the solubilized enzyme was rebound to mitochondria by addition of divalent cations. The rebinding was decreased by the presence of glycerol 3-phosphate, while was increased by glucose 6-phosphate. Positive correlation was found between the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate by mitochondrial-bound glycerol kinase and ATP content in mitochondria in experiments using various concentrations of succinate and ADP. On the other hand, glycerol 3-phosphate formation was inhibited by addition of inhibitors for mitochondria functions, such as oligomycin, dinitrophenol, cyanide, and atractyloside. Furthermore, formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from glycerol was proved, indicating the involvement of glycerol kinase in glycerol phosphate shuttle in combination with glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. These findings are discussed in comparison with those of mitochondrial-bound hexokinase.
...
PMID:Binding and function of mitochondrial glycerol kinase in comparison with those of mitochondrial hexokinase. 298 25

It has been proposed that hexokinase bound to mitochondria occupies a preferred site to which ATP from oxidative phosphorylation is channeled directly (Bessman, S. (1966) Am. J. Medicine 40, 740-749). We have investigated this problem in isolated Zajdela hepatoma mitochondria. Addition of ADP to well-coupled mitochondria in the presence of an oxidizable substrate initiates the synthesis of glucose 6-phosphate via bound hexokinase. This reaction is only partially inhibited by oligomycin, carboxyatractyloside, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or any combination of these, suggesting a source of ATP in addition to oxidative phosPhorylation. This source appears to be adenylate kinase, since Ado2P5, an inhibitor of the enzyme, suppresses hexokinase activity by about 50% when added alone or suppresses activity completely when added together with any of the inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Ado2P5 does not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation nor does it inhibit ADP transport (state 3 respiration) or hexokinase. The relative amount of ATP contributed by adenylate kinase is dependent upon the ADP concentration. At low ADP concentrations, glucose phosphorylation is supported by oxidative phosphorylation, but as the adenine nucleotide translocator becomes saturated the ATP contributed by adenylate kinase increases due to the higher apparent Km of the enzyme. Under conditions of our standard experiment ([ADP] = 0.5 mM), adenylate kinase provides about 50% of the ATP used by hexokinase in well-coupled mitochondria. In spite of this, externally added ATP supported higher initial rates of hexokinase activity than ADP. Our findings demonstrate that oxidative phosphorylation is not a specific or preferential source of ATP for hexokinase bound to hepatoma mitochondria. The apparent lack of a channeling mechanism for ATP to hexokinase in these mitochondria is discussed.
...
PMID:Adenylate kinase is a source of ATP for tumor mitochondrial hexokinase. 299 May 72

Glycosomes, purified from trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei, contained all the enzymes necessary to convert glucose to alpha-glycerophosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate. The multienzyme reaction which produces 2 alpha-glycerophosphate, 2 ADP, and 2 NAD+ from 1 glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH was studied spectrophotometrically. Intact glycosomes, suspended with 5.6 mM alpha-glycerophosphate and 2 mM ADP, produced ATP inside the glycosomes for glucose phosphorylation at a rate of 0.7 mumol/min/mg protein, so confirming the feasibility of producing ATP from alpha-glycerophosphate and ADP catalyzed by glycosomal glycerol kinase, and coupling this ATP production to the ATP-requiring stages of glycolysis. No evidence was found for direct channeling of the ATP generated by glycerol kinase and either hexokinase or phosphofructose kinase in glycosomal enzyme complexes cross-linked by dimethyl suberimidate treatment of intact glycosomes prior to solubilization of their membrane. Compartmentation of glycolytic intermediates, enzymes, and ATP inside isolated glycosomes was demonstrated by their inaccessibility to exogenous enzymes. We conclude that the compartmentation of the glycosome and the efficient production of ATP in the glycosome from whole cell concentrations of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and ADP account for the observed whole cell production of equimolar glycerol from glucose with net ATP synthesis by T. brucei under anaerobic conditions.
...
PMID:The role of compartmentation and glycerol kinase in the synthesis of ATP within the glycosome of Trypanosoma brucei. 299 27


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

---