Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are small pore-forming channels found in the mitochondrial outer membrane of all eukaryotes. VDACs conduct adenine nucleotides and are the binding sites for several cytosolic enzymes, including the isoforms of hexokinase and glycerol kinase. VDAC binding is developmentally and metabolically regulated and allows the kinases preferential access to mitochondrial ATP. Two human VDAC cDNAs have recently been identified, and a total of four VDAC loci have been mapped. Here, the isolation of two mouse VDAC cDNAs (VDAC5 and VDAC6) is described. By Northern analysis the two mouse VDAC isoforms show nearly identical expression patterns, with high levels of expression detected in heart, kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle and lesser levels of expression in all other tissues examined. The only exception is the lack of expression of VDAC5 in testes, whereas VDAC6 expression is highest in this tissue. VDAC6 appears to be encoded by more than one transcript. The mouse VDAC5 gene was mapped using an interspecies DNA mapping panel to the proximal region of chromosome 11, and the mouse VDAC6 gene was mapped using a panel to the proximal region of chromosome 14.
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PMID:Isolation, characterization, and mapping of two mouse mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel isoforms. 866 Sep 77

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are pore-forming proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane of all eucaryotes. VDACs are the binding sites for several cytosolic enzymes, including the isoforms of hexokinase and glycerol kinase. VDACs have recently been shown to conduct ATP when in the open state, allowing bound kinases preferential access to mitochondrial ATP and providing a possible mechanism for the regulation of adenine nucleotide flux. Two human VDAC cDNAs have been described previously, and we recently reported the isolation of mouse VDAC1 and VDAC2 cDNAs, as well as a third novel VDAC cDNA, designated VDAC3. In this report we describe the structural organization of each mouse VDAC gene and demonstrate that, based on conserved exon/intron boundaries, the three VDAC isoforms belong to a single gene family. The 5'-flanking region of each VDAC gene was shown to have transcription promoter activity by transient expression in cultured cells. The promoter region of each VDAC isoform lacks a canonical TATA box, but all are G+C-rich, a characteristic of housekeeping gene promoters. To examine the conservation of VDAC function, each mouse VDAC was expressed in yeast lacking the endogenous VDAC gene. Both VDAC1 and VDAC2 are able to complement the phenotypic defect associated with the mutant yeast strain. VDAC3, however, is only able to partially complement the mutant phenotype, suggesting an alternative physiologic function for the VDAC3 protein.
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PMID:The murine voltage-dependent anion channel gene family. Conserved structure and function. 922 78

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), also known as mitochondrial porins, are the main pathway for metabolites across the mitochondrial outer membrane and may serve as binding sites for kinases, including hexokinase. We determined that mitochondria-bound hexokinase activity is significantly reduced in oxidative muscles (heart and soleus) in vdac1(-/-) mice. The activity data were supported by western blot analysis using HK2 specific antibody. To gain more insight into the physiologic mean of the results with the activity data, VDAC deficient mice were subjected to glucose tolerance testing and exercise-induced stress, each of which involves tissue glucose uptake via different mechanisms. vdac1(-/-) mice exhibit impaired glucose tolerance whereas vdac3(-/-) mice have normal glucose tolerance and exercise capacity. Mice lacking both VDAC1 and VDAC3 (vdac1(-/-)/vdac3(-/-)) have reduced exercise capacity together with impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, we demonstrated a link between VDAC1 mediated mitochondria-bound hexokinase activity and the capacity for glucose clearance.
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PMID:VDAC1 serves as a mitochondrial binding site for hexokinase in oxidative muscles. 1720 67

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are major constituents of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). These primary transporters of nucleotides, ions and metabolites mediate a substantial portion of the OMM molecular traffic. To study the native supramolecular organization of the VDAC, we have isolated, characterized and imaged OMMs from potato tubers. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry of OMMs revealed the presence of the VDAC isoforms POM34 and POM36, as well as the translocase of the OMM complex. Tubular two-dimensional crystals of the VDAC spontaneously formed after incubation of OMMs for two to three months at 4 degrees C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an oblique lattice and unit cells housing six circular depressions arranged in a hexagon. Atomic force microscopy of freshly isolated OMMs demonstrated (i) the existence of monomers to tetramers, hexamers and higher oligomers of the VDAC and (ii) its spatial arrangement within the oligomers in the native membrane. We discuss the importance of the observed oligomerization for modulation of the VDAC function, for the binding of hexokinase and creatine kinase to the OMM and for mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
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PMID:The supramolecular assemblies of voltage-dependent anion channels in the native membrane. 1752 23

Voltage-dependent anion channel(VDAC)is mainly located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. High-resolution atomic force microscopy topography shows an eye-shaped VDAC with 3.8 nm x 2.7 nm pore dimensions. New work suggests pore formation by the assembly of homo-oligomers and supramolecule of VDAC or hetero oligomers composed of VDAC and pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax. The oligomeric VDAC pore allows for release of cytochrome C. Thus, VDAC plays a central role in the cell life and apoptosis. It has been shown that the hexokinase (HK)-VDAC1 interaction is critical for preventing induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. VDACs are expressed more highly in cancer cells than normal cells, thus can be used as the target in chemotherapy for cancer. VDAC is also involved in pathogenesis of hematological malignancies such as myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Following identification of sequence and structure of VDAC, studies have focused on VDAC as important pharmacological target for new anticancer therapy. To induce apoptosis, agents directly interact with VDAC or detach HK from VDAC to disrupt the anti-apoptosis activity of VDAC-HK interaction, such as methyl jasmonate (MJ) and VDAC1-based peptides. In this review, the function, modulation, structure and location of the VDAC, progress of its researches in hematological malignancies and potential as targets of anti-cancer drugs are summarized.
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PMID:[Voltage-dependent anion channel and hematological malignancies]. 2013 59

Cancer cells share several properties, high proliferation potential, reprogramed metabolism, and resistance to apoptotic cues. Acquiring these hallmarks involves changes in key oncogenes and non-oncogenes essential for cancer cell survival and prosperity, and is accompanied by the increased energy requirements of proliferating cells. Mitochondria occupy a central position in cell life and death with mitochondrial bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and signaling are critical for tumorigenesis. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) is situated in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and serving as a mitochondrial gatekeeper. VDAC1 allowing the transfer of metabolites, fatty acid ions, Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and cholesterol across the OMM and is a key player in mitochondrial-mediate apoptosis. Moreover, VDAC1 serves as a hub protein, interacting with diverse sets of proteins from the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria that together regulate metabolic and signaling pathways. The observation that VDAC1 is over-expressed in many cancers suggests that the protein may play a pivotal role in cancer cell survival. However, VDAC1 is also important in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mediating release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-xL, and hexokinase (HK), which are also highly expressed in many cancers. Strategically located in a "bottleneck" position, controlling metabolic homeostasis and apoptosis, VDAC1 thus represents an emerging target for anti-cancer drugs. This review presents an overview on the multi-functional mitochondrial protein VDAC1 performing several functions and interacting with distinct sets of partners to regulate both cell life and death, and highlights the importance of the protein for cancer cell survival. We address recent results related to the mechanisms of VDAC1-mediated apoptosis and the potential of associated proteins to modulate of VDAC1 activity, with the aim of developing VDAC1-based approaches. The first strategy involves modification of cell metabolism using VDAC1-specific small interfering RNA leading to inhibition of cancer cell and tumor growth and reversed oncogenic properties. The second strategy involves activation of cancer cell death using VDAC1-based peptides that prevent cell death induction by anti-apoptotic proteins. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of treatments and drugs leading to enhanced VDAC1 expression or targeting VDAC1 to induce apoptosis.
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PMID:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 As an Emerging Drug Target for Novel Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. 2882 71