Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitrogen is exported in the form of ureides or amides from the nodules in pulse crops. In order to understand the carbon metabolism in ureide and amide exporting nodules, activities of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism were compared in cytosolic and bacteroidal fractions of mungbean (ureide exporter) and lentil (amide exporter) nodules during development. Activities of hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphohexose isomerase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were detected in cytosolic fraction of nodules of both the crops during development. Out of these enzymes, specific activity of phosphohexose isomerase was the highest in nodules of both the crops, in comparison with other enzymes. In comparison with mungbean, activities of various enzymes were less in cytosolic fraction of lentil. Activities of hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase were present only in cytosolic fraction of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), however, low activity of these enzymes was also observed in lentil (Lens culinaris L.) bacteroids. Activities of phosphohexose isomerase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were higher in bacteroids of lentil, as compared to mungbean during early nodule development, but this pattern was reversed with progress of crop development. Higher activities of phosphoglucomutase and fructose-1,6-phosphatase in mungbean cytosolic fraction could lead to increased flow of carbon towards pentose phosphate pathway.
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PMID:Studies on glucose-metabolizing enzymes in cytosolic and bacteroidal fractions of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) nodules. 1765 May 90

Alkyl-lysophospholipids (ALPs), developed initially to be antitumor agents, have proved highly effective in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, a disease caused by the species making up the protozoan complex Leishmania donovani. Although their effectiveness is known, the mode of action against this parasite is not completely understood. In the present work, we have studied the effect of 3 derivatives, edelfosine, miltefosine, and ilmofosine. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H-NMR), we have examined the excreted catabolites from glucose metabolism in the promastigote forms treated with these compounds. The ALPs at concentrations of 19 and 38 microM inhibit the excretion of acetate, succinate, and pyruvate. The effect of edelfosine, miltefosine, and ilmofosine on the activity of the enzymes hexokinase, glycerolkinase 3-PD, phosphoglucose isomerase, superoxide dismutase, and phospholipase C were also examined. Glycerolkinase 3-PD and phosphoglucose isomerase are generally insensitive to the compounds, whereas hexokinase and superoxide dismutase are inhibited by miltefosine and ilmofosine. The ALPs exhibited an activated effect against the phospholipase C activity. Alkyl-lysophospholipids were shown to have a significant effect on several enzymes in important biochemical pathways indispensable for the survival of L. donovani promasigotes.
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PMID:Effect of alkyl-lysophospholipids on some aspects of the metabolism of Leishmania donovani. 1816 58

Twelve populations of Heterodera glycines from the United States (8), China (2), Japan (1), and Colombia (1) were surveyed for phenotypic intraspecific variability in 42 enzyme systems. Activity of 20 enzymes was detected following isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels of extracts from mass homogenates and single females. Five enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase, phosphoglucose isomerase, alpha- and beta-esterases, and hexokinase were the most useful for detecting intraspecific variability. Phenotypic variability between single females was best demonstrated with alpha- and beta-esterases and acid phosphatase enzyme systems. These results suggest that isoelectric focusing in conjunction with sensitive enzyme systems can be used to detect phenotypic variation between individual nematodes from the same population. The unusual phenotypic variability detected in the H. glycines population from Virginia indicates that the genetic diversity of this population is complex.
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PMID:Detection of Intraspecific Diversity of Heterodera glycines Using Isozyme Phenotypes. 1929 Jan 82

Neuroblastoma cells, cultivated on plastic dishes, in presence of 15 mM glucose resist very well to hypoxia. Cells incubated on plastic dishes, if left unshaken, showed a Pasteur effect at an oxygen concentration below 10%. Oxygen diffusion was the limiting factor in these plastic dishes since improved oxygen diffusion, as a result of shaking, decreased the lactate production considerably at all oxygen concentrations used. When cells were cultivated on Petriperm((R)) dishes, coated with polylysine, oxygen diffusion was no longer a rate-limiting factor: less lactate was produced at 21% O(2) and hypoxia, down to 2.5% O(2) did not show any increase in the rate of lactate production, while Antimycin A drastically increased the glycolytic rate. A situation of limited oxygen availability resulted in two different kinds of adaptation of the neuroblastoma cells: first an instantaneous metabolic regulation leading to an increased glycolytic rate-the Pasteur effect-followed later by an increase in the activities of the glycolytic enzymes-hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), phosphoglucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and a simultaneous decrease of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activity. However, when the glucose concentration in the medium was decreased to 5 mM the cells were affected by hypoxia already at 5% O(2): cells released lactate dehydrogenase extracellularly and their protein content was decreased. This toxic effect of hypoxia was related to the exhaustion of the glucose supply.
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PMID:Effect of oxygen and glucose availability on the glycolytic rate in neuroblastoma cells under different conditions of culture. 2048 70

beta-D-Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P(2)) is an important regulator of eukaryotic glucose homeostasis, functioning as a potent activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Pharmaceutical manipulation of intracellular Fru-2,6-P(2) levels, therefore, is of interest for the treatment of certain diseases, including diabetes and cancer. [2-(32)P]Fru-2,6-P(2) has been the reagent of choice for studying the metabolism of this effector molecule; however, its short half-life necessitates frequent preparation. Here we describe a convenient, economical, one-pot enzymatic preparation of high-specific-activity tritium-labeled Fru-2,6-P(2). The preparation involves conversion of readily available, carrier-free d-[6,6'-(3)H]glucose to [6,6'-(3)H]Fru-2,6-P(2) using hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase. The key reagent in this preparation, bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase from human liver, was produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli and purified in a single step using an appendant C-terminal hexa-His affinity tag. Following purification by anion exchange chromatography using triethylammonium bicarbonate as eluant, radiochemically pure [6,6'-(3)H]Fru-2,6-P(2) having a specific activity of 50 Ci/mmol was obtained in yields averaging 35%. [6,6'-(3)H]Fru-2,6-P(2) serves as a stable, high-specific-activity substrate in a facile assay capable of detecting fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase in the range of 10(-14) to 10(-15) mol, and it should prove to be useful in many studies of the metabolism of this important biofactor.
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PMID:Enzymatic preparation of high-specific-activity beta-D-[6,6'-3H]fructose-2,6-bisphosphate: Application to a sensitive assay for fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. 2054 16

As opposed to other oilseeds, developing sunflower seeds do not accumulate starch initially. They rely on the sucrose that comes from the mother plant to synthesise lipid precursors. Glycolysis is the principal source of carbon skeletons and reducing power for lipid biosynthesis. In this work, glycolytic initial metabolites and enzyme activities from developing seed of two different sunflower lines, of high and low oil content, were compared during storage lipid synthesis. These two lines showed different kinetic lipid accumulation in the developing embryos. Fatty acids levels during the initial and final stage of lipid synthesis were higher in CAS-6 than in ZEN-8. The analysis of the photosynthate and sugars content suggests that, although the hexoses levels were quite similar in both lines, the amount of sucrose produced by the mother plant and available for lipid synthesis was higher in CAS-6. Although, a smaller amount of sucrose is available in the ZEN-8 line, its seeds maintain the levels of intermediate sugars in the initial steps of glycolysis due to an increase in the levels of the invertase, hexokinase and phosphoglucose isomerase activities in ZEN-8, with respect to CAS-6. Also, a readjustment in the final part of this metabolic route took place, with the activities of phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase in CAS-6 being higher, allowing increased synthesis of phosphoenolpiruvate, the intermediate carbon donor for fatty acid synthesis. In addition, recently, it has been shown that Arabidopsis mutants with a lower fat content in their seeds have a higher amount of sucrose. These data together point to these last two enzymatic activities, phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase, as being responsible for the lower fat content in the ZEN-8 line.
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PMID:Glycolytic enzymatic activities in developing seeds involved in the differences between standard and low oil content sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.). 2095 Oct 55

Many colonies of macaques (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) are maintained in China, especially in Guangxi and Guizhou. A total of 803 fresh stool samples infected with Entamoeba were obtained from three big colonies of macaques located in southwest China. The samples were examined for the presence of five Entamoeba species using PCR. Entamoeba nuttalli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba chattoni infections were detected, but Entamoeba histolytica infection was not. This study is the first to report on the prevalence of E. nuttalli in wild macaques from China. Eighteen E. nuttalli isolates and five E. dispar isolates were obtained by culturing the samples in Tanabe-Chiba medium. The serine-rich protein (SRP), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), hexokinase (HXK), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) genes of E. nuttalli isolates were compared with other reported isolates. The results showed clear differences among the Chinese E. nuttalli isolates and other isolates based on the SRP gene sequences. However, HXK, GPI, and PGM genes of these strains were similar to those of other isolates. The rRNA genes of E. coli and E. chattoni were also amplified and analyzed from these samples. The results suggested that host species might be a more important factor than geographic location in amebic genetic diversity.
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PMID:Prevalence and genetic diversity of Entamoeba species infecting macaques in southwest China. 2335 42

This study is the first to isolate an Entamoeba histolytica strain from Chinese amoebic patients and to conduct a detailed examination of its virulence. A fecal sample that contains cysts of E. histolytica was obtained from Guangxi province. The sample was cultured axenically and then cloned by limiting dilution, and named as XLAC. In vitro and in vivo tests were conducted to evaluate the virulence of the Entamoeba isolate. The E. histolytica strain XLAC was successfully cloned and cultured axenically. DNA regions that contain hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and heavy subunit of lectin genes were amplified by PCR. The PCR products were then sequenced. Virulence analysis suggested that the XLAC strain was similar to the HM1:IMSS strain at the genetic level. In vitro and in vivo tests also implicated these strains to be similar. These findings may be attributed to the low expression levels of pathogenic genes obtained through realtime PCR. The XLAC strain restored its virulence after it was injected into hamster liver. This study may be a good model for studying virulence changes in E. histolytica.
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PMID:Primary pathogenicity analysis of a Chinese Entamoeba histolytica isolate. 2361 76

The significance of metabolic networks in guiding the fate of the stem cell differentiation is only beginning to emerge. Oxidative metabolism has been suggested to play a major role during this process. Therefore, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms of metabolic alterations occurring in stem cells to manipulate the ultimate outcome of these pluripotent cells. Here, using P19 murine embryonal carcinoma cells as a model system, the role of mitochondrial biogenesis and the modulation of metabolic networks during dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-induced differentiation are revealed. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) technology aided in profiling key enzymes, such as hexokinase (HK) [EC 2.7.1.1], glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) [EC 5.3.1.9], pyruvate kinase (PK) [EC 2.7.1.40], Complex I [EC 1.6.5.3], and Complex IV [EC 1.9.3.1], that are involved in the energy budget of the differentiated cells. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production was shown to be increased in DMSO-treated cells upon exposure to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle substrates, such as succinate and malate. The increased mitochondrial activity and biogenesis were further confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Collectively, the results indicate that oxidative energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis were sharply upregulated in DMSO-differentiated P19 cells. This functional metabolic and proteomic study provides further evidence that modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism is a pivotal component of the cellular differentiation process and may dictate the final destiny of stem cells.
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PMID:Mitochondrial biogenesis and energy production in differentiating murine stem cells: a functional metabolic study. 2435 Aug 92

1. Electron microscopic studies of the sieve tube sap obtained from the secondary phloem of Robinia pseudoacacia by the method of Hartig (1860) showed the presence of well developed mitochondria in addition to membrane fragments. 2. In this sieve tube sap the following enzymes could be detected qualitatively: UTP-glucose-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase, UDPG-fructose glucosyl transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase (for glucose and fructose), phosphohexose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, and UDPG-pyrophosphatase. 3. The following enzymes were determined quantitatively: phosphorylase, amylase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, NAD(+)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, and anorganic pyrophosphatase. 4. The following enzymes could not be detected: UDGP dehydrogenase, UDPG-fructose-6-phosphate-glucosyltransferase, invertase, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. 5. The enzyme pattern in the sieve tube saps of Tilia platyphyllos, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus americana, Quercus borealis maxima, and Salix viminalis is qualitatively similar to that of Robinia, but shows quantitative differences (as far as analyzed). 6. The meaning of the results for the metabolism and function of the sieve tubes in situ is discussed.
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PMID:[Enzyme activities in the sieve tube sap of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and of other tree species]. 2449 58


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