Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Space-filling models of yeast hexokinase, adenylate kinase, and phosphoglycerate kinase drawn by computer clearly portray the bilobal character of these phosphoryl transfer enzymes, and the deep cleft which is formed between the lobes. A dramatic conformational change occurs in hexokinase as glucose binds to the bottom of the cleft, which causes the two lobes of hexokinase to come together. A substrate-induced closing of the active site cleft is postulated to occur in other kinases as well. This change may provide a mechanism by which some of these enzymes reduce their inherent adenosine triphosphatase activity and could be a general requirement of the kinase reaction.
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PMID:Space-filling models of kinase clefts and conformation changes. 22 Jul 6

In leukocytes of exudate from diabetic rabbits, the activities of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are increased, and a tendency of adenylate kinase activity to decline is observable. The activities of UDP-pyrophosphatase, UDP-glycogentransferase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutahione reductase in the exudate erythrocytes in diabetes are not essentially altered. The decrease of the key enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle, providing the leukocytes with energy and metabolites, reduces the functional activity of leukocytes from exudate in diabetes.
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PMID:[Enzyme profile of exudate leukocytes from diabetic rabbits]. 51 96

1. We have developed a procedure for preparing resealed red cell ghosts that contain ADP but very little ATP. 2. The procedure involves (i) lysis of the cells in a very large volume of lysing solution, (ii) resuspension of the ghosts in a small volume, (iii) the incorporation into the ghosts, before they are resealed, of the adenylate kinase inhibitor P1,P5-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate (AP5A) and of hexokinase, and (iv) the removal of traces of ATP, formed by residual adenylate kinase activity, by the addition of glucose. 3. Measurements of sodium efflux from ghosts prepared in this way show that sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump does not occur in the absence of ATP even if ADP is present. 4. The beta:gamma imido analogue of ATP (AMP.PNP), which is incapable of phosphorylating sodium, potassium-ATPase, cannot replace ATP in supporting sodium-sodium exchange. 5. These findings support the hypothesis that the outward movement of sodium ions through the sodium pump is associated with the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the enzyme, and that the inward movement of sodium ions through the pump is associated with the return of a phosphoryl group from the phosphoenzyme to ADP.
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PMID:Sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump: the roles of ATP and ADP. 53 26

It is established that purified nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the rat brain possess a noticeable AMP-deaminase activity. ATP is an effective activator of AMP-deaminase in the both fractions, but this enzyme is also stimulated by hexokinase in the mitochondrial fraction. The ammonia production from ADP in the mitochondrial fraction is connected with the formation on ATP and AMP under the influence of myokinase and subsequent deamination of AMP by AMP-deaminase.
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PMID:[AMP-deaminase activity of rat brain nuclear and mitochondrial fractions]. 72 89

Enzyme abnormalities are frequently found in the red cells of patients with various acquired blood disorders. In leukaemias, preleukaemic states and bone marrow insufficiencies with or without sideroblastosis, changes in enzyme activity are usually characterized by the coexistence of deficiency of some enzymes and an increased activity of others. The most frequently decreased activities are those of pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase,2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase and adenylate kinase; the most frequently increased activities are those of hexokinase, aldolase, enolase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In primary myelofibrosis and in polycythaemia rubra vera, enzyme deficiencies are infrequent and differ from those observed in leukaemias and related disorders. Phosphohexose isomerase and phosphoglucomutase deficiencies seem relatively specific for polycythaemia rubra vera. Explanations for the acquired enzymopathies are still at the stage of hypothesis. The theory of multiple genetic damage may explain some findings but has not yet been proved right. The possibility of post-translational molecular modification is suggested as a working hypothesis.
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PMID:Acquired erythroenzymopathies in blood disorders: study of 200 cases. 107 44

1. The effects of protein concentration and ionic strength on the adsorption of the individual glycolytic enzymes to F-actin and F-actin--trypomyosin--troponin have been studied. 2. Appreciable association was demonstrated under conditions of physiological ionic strength and high protein concentration, and tropomyosin--troponin established as an important and generalized component of these interactions. 3. Phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were strongly bound under these conditions, while triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and hexokinase displayed less adsorption to the structural proteins. 4. The influence of a number of parameters on the adsorption phenomena was examined. Ca2+ and fructose 1,6-diphosphate increased the adsorption of aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase, while decreasing the adsorption of the enzymes of the constant-proportion group. 5. Of the other major enzymic components of skeletal muscle, creatine kinase, adenylate kinase and malate dehydrogenase showed no adsorption to F-actin--tropomyosin--troponin under the experimental conditions. Some adsorption was evident, however, in the case of aspartate aminotransferase, (NADP) isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. 6. These results have been discussed in relation to their functional significance and the roles of enzyme compartmentation in the cell.
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PMID:On the association of glycolytic enzymes with structural proteins of skeletal muscle. 111 88

The erythrocytes of 350 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were examined for electrophoretic variation of hemoglobin and 26 enzymes. Seven enzymes showed variation in more than 1% of individuals: phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase-1, soluble NADP-dependent isocitric dehydrogenase, peptidase A, peptidase C, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, and acid phosphatase. Variation with lesser frequency was found in soluble glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, phosphoglycerate kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin. Only eight samples were tested for esterase D, and one of these had a variant phenotype. Enzymes with no clear variation were adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, phosphoglycerate mutase, phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase), phosphoglucomutase-3, and superoxide dismutase. There was father-to-son transmission of PGI, PGM-1, peptidase C, 6PGD, 2,3-DPGAM, NADP-ICD, and acid phosphatase variants, suggesting that these loci are autosomal as in man.
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PMID:Intraspecific red cell enzyme variation in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). 114 87

A comparative study of 27 enzymes and proteins in blue and silver foxes was carried out by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The structure of these enzymes and proteins is determined by about 33 genes. It is shown that a number of blood enzymes and proteins of these species is represented by a single electrophoretic form, while lactate dehydrogenase, carboanhydrase, arylesterase, carboxylesterase, diaphorase, hexokinase and tetrasolium oxidase have several forms. It is also found that these species differ in seven enzymes and proteins: diaphorase, G-6-PD, adenylate kinase, carboxylesterase, albumin, prealbumin, transferrins. Other enzymes and proteins are similar in their electrophoretic mobility. The data obtained afford the evidence that the two species (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus) differ in a set of enzymes and proteins.
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PMID:[Homologous gene expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and enzymes in Arctic and silver foxes]. 121 28

Soluble dextran-ATP complexes have been synthesized using a bifunctional oxirane as the coupling agent. The degree of coupling is time-dependent, allowing materials of varying coenzyme loadings to be produced very simply. Characterization studies have shown that at the maximum coenzyme loading obtained (34 molecules per complex) all coenzyme moieties were coenzymically active with hexokinase. The extent of coenzyme loading was shown to have a considerable influence on the values of Km and Vmax of the complex as a substrate for hexokinase. Enzyme activity was also found with acetate kinase and myokinase, and coenzyme recycling (ATP, ADP) was demonstrated in an ultrafiltration reactor.
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PMID:Synthesis and characterization of soluble dextran-adenosine phosphate complexes: kinetic effects of coenzyme loading. 136 82

The polyanion-induced substate of the outer mitochondrial membrane was studied in vivo and in vitro. Study of the substate in artificial bilayers showed that it is highly cation selective. The induction of the substate in intact mitochondria leads to a complete inhibition of the intermembrane kinases, such as creatine kinase and adenylate kinase, which were excluded from the external ATP pool. Peripheral kinases, such as hexokinase, were blocked when they utilized internal ATP. The results with intact mitochondria suggested the existence of two regions of the outer membrane containing channels of different states, which may be involved in the regulation of intermembrane and peripheral kinases.
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PMID:The cation-selective substate of the mitochondrial outer membrane pore: single-channel conductance and influence on intermembrane and peripheral kinases. 138 May 3


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