Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In soluble fraction of rat liver studies have been made on the activity of glycolytic enzymes and dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway 3 and 20 hours after the electrical stimulation of the medial (HVM) and lateral (AHL) structures of the medial hypothalamus via chronically implanted electrodes. Electrical stimulation of the HVM within 3 hours decreased total hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and to a lower extent -- the activity of glucokinase. This effect was not prevented by the adrenalectomy. During stimulation of the AHL, the decrease of LDH activity was the same, whereas the activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucokinase decreased to a lower extent. Electrical stimulation of the medial hypothalamus within 20 hours decreased the response, this effect being presumably associated with the decrease in the content of endogenous noradrenalin in the liver of animals. The role of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system in regulation of the investigated enzymes of energy metabolism in the liver is discussed.
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PMID:[Participation of the hypothalamus in regulating the activity of rat liver energy metabolism enzymes]. 98 65

The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD), 6 phosphate glucono dehydrogenase (6 phospho-D-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase, 6PGD) lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (L-aspartate: 2-oxo-glutarate aminotransferase, GOT) and hexokinase (ATP: D-hexo-6-phosphotrans-ferase, Hx) were measured over 24 h in isolated lymphocytes of normal subjects and in white cells of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). The activitty patterns of all enzymes in the normal lymphocytes were similar. A computed pattern of all the results exhibited a circadian rhythm of activity with the highest level at 16.00 hours. The oscillations in the activities of the same enzymes in the CLL cells differed among the patients, although all the enzymes of the same individual showed a similar diurnal rhythmic pattern. All peaks in this group appeared between 20.00 and 08.00 hours. The possible importance of these observations in setting up therapeutic schedules was raised.
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PMID:Blood leucocyte enzymes. III. Diurnal rhythm of activity in isolated lymphocytes of normal subjects and chronic lymphatic leukaemia patients. 98 50

Partial sympathectomy of rat liver, carried out by bilateral section of celiac nerves, caused a distinct increase in the activity of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and (less distinctly) of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver tissue. The alterations in glucokinase activity were not statistically significant. Noradrenaline disappeared completely from rat liver after the celiac nerves section. Activities of the above-mentioned enzymes were altered to the same degree in sympathectomized liver of adrenalectomized animals. The increase in the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was prevented by administration of actinomycin D immediately after the section of celiac nerves. The data obtained suggest that after section of liver celiac nerves the alterations in the enzymatic activities are determined by the increase of their biosynthesis and occur as a result of impairment of liver sympathetic innervation.
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PMID:[Nature of changes in the activity of certain enzymes of energy metabolism in the liver after partial sympathectomy]. 102 52

Soluble enzymes were immobilized and visualized by polyacrylamide gel slabs, impregnated with the incubation medium including auxiliary enzymes. The method has several advantages over existing techniques which make use of gel films or a semipermeable membrane. The diffusion of tissue compounds is effectively limited, while auxiliary enzymes may be operative. Moreover the viscosity of the medium is temperature-independent so that the incubation temperature can be varied. To demonstrate the suitability of the method glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and aldolase were visulaized in human or rat skeletal muscle. Cytosolic and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were both visualized in the absence of added NAD+ and menadione. For the visualization of ATP producint enzymes, like creatine kinase and pyruvate kinase, the method is not suitable.
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PMID:Polyacrylamide gel technique for the histochemical demonstration of soluble enzymes. 105 94

The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-D-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase, 6PGD), hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, Hx), lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, LDH). glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (L-aspartate: 2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase, GOT) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) were measured at 8 a.m. in leucocytes of healthy individuals and patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and polycythaemia vera. In view of the heterogeneity of the leucocyte populations in these conditions, the enzyme activities were correlated to the number of immature cells in CML and to the percentage of lymphocytes in CLL. No differences in the enzyme activities were found between the white cells of healthy individuals, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and polycythaemia vera. In CML the activities of all enzymes except GOT correlated directly with the number of immature cells; an inverse correlation with the number of lymphocytes was observed in CLL. GOT was the only enzyme whose activity correlated with the number of lymphocytes in the cell suspension. Furthermore, a significantly higher activity of this enzyme was found in Ficoll-isolated CLL lymphocytes as compared to normal lymphocytes.
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PMID:Blood leucocyte enzymes. II. Activities at 8-9 a.m. in cells of normal subjects, chronic lymphatic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia patients. 105 70

Enzyme abnormalities are frequently found in the red cells of patients with various acquired blood disorders. In leukaemias, preleukaemic states and bone marrow insufficiencies with or without sideroblastosis, changes in enzyme activity are usually characterized by the coexistence of deficiency of some enzymes and an increased activity of others. The most frequently decreased activities are those of pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase,2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase and adenylate kinase; the most frequently increased activities are those of hexokinase, aldolase, enolase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In primary myelofibrosis and in polycythaemia rubra vera, enzyme deficiencies are infrequent and differ from those observed in leukaemias and related disorders. Phosphohexose isomerase and phosphoglucomutase deficiencies seem relatively specific for polycythaemia rubra vera. Explanations for the acquired enzymopathies are still at the stage of hypothesis. The theory of multiple genetic damage may explain some findings but has not yet been proved right. The possibility of post-translational molecular modification is suggested as a working hypothesis.
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PMID:Acquired erythroenzymopathies in blood disorders: study of 200 cases. 107 44

Nitrogen mustard (NH2) and Nor-nitrogen mustard (Nor-HN2) both inhibit the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S in solution and in intact erythrocytes. Metabolic studies were undertaken to determine the feasability of an extracorporeal treatment with these or related agents. Glucose utilization, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, methemoglobin reduction, and incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine for Heinz body formation were performed, as well as specific assays for hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, ATP, reduced glutathione (GSH), and survival of autologous mustard-treated cells in rabbits. HN2 was found to enter red cells rapidly and bind to intracellular contents. Metabolic studies revealed no significant inhibition or alteration of function by Nor-HN2 at 10 mg/ml of whole blood. Rabbit red cell survival was also normal. HN2, however, inhibited glutathione reductase and blocked the free sulfhydryl group of GSH by forming serveral addition products of alkylated GSH. Heinz body test with acetylphenylhydrazine became positive in HN2-treated cells, and rabbit red cell survival was shortened considerably in the concentration range used to inhibit sickling. Ascorbic acid stimulation of the hexose shunt pathway was inhibited by HN2, but methylene blue stimulation remained unaffected. 14-C-HN2 remains bound to red cells in vivo, and the disappearance of radioactivity is similar to that found with 14-C-DFP (disopropylfluorophosphate). Oxygen affinity of both HN2 and Nor-HN2 treated human red cells remains virtually the same as that found in control samples. It is concluded that Nor-HN2 may be a suitable agent for an extracorporeal therapy, and that each mustard needs to be evaluated individually for its antisickling effects and its suitability for extracorporeal use.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of antisickling amounts of nitrogen and nor-nitrogen mustard on rabbit and human erythrocytes. 112 27

Enzyme activities operative in glucose degradation and citrate cleavage pathway were studied in the adipose tissue of twenty-four patients with adult-onset diabetes and normal body weight, aged 59+/-9 years, and twenty-four matched controls. In normal tissue, type II (heat-inactivated) hexokinase moderately predominated over type I (heat-resistant). 6-Phosphofructokinase had an extremely low activity, which was by far the lowest among the ten glycolytic enzyme activities investigated, and which therefore might greatly limit the glycolytic rate. The level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) was elevated above that occurring in other tissues. This, especially if considered together with the low 6-phosphofructokinase activity, would suggest a major role of pentose cycle in glucose degradation. Of the citrate cleavage pathway enzymes, ATP citrate-lyase, although having a lower activity than malate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), was readily measurable, which contrasts with previous data by others. This finding is consistent with the occurrence of lipogenetic capacity in human adipose tissue. In diabetic tissue, there was a decreased activity, both on a protein and on a wet-weight basis, of enzymes concerned with the glucose entry into metabolic pathways, namely hexokinase (both type I and, especially, type II) and pentose cycle dehydrogenases, as well as of pyruvate kinase. This could be connected with the defective glucose utilization by adipose tissue in diabetes. Beside the above-mentioned dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) was also diminished. The reduction of these NADPH-forming enzymes, which supply reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis, would suggest a depressed lipogenesis.
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PMID:Enzymes of glucose metabolism and of the citrate cleavage pathway in adipose tissue of normal and diabetic subjects. 118 27

The realtionship between growth rate and the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes was studied using two strains of White Plymouth Rock chickens which had been selected in divergent directions for eight-week body weight. The activities of hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, glycogen synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase were measured at 4, 8 and 20 weeks of age. The mean percentage rate of growth of the birds selected for high eight-week body weight exceeded that of the birds selected for low eight-week body weight only during the early growth period. Thereafter, and until sexual maturity, the low-line birds grew at a faster rate, relative to body size. The mature body weight of the high-line birds exceeded that of the low-line birds by a factor of approximately 1.5. A close similarity was noted between the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes and the growth rate (relative to body size) of the birds studied. At four and eight weeks of age, the faster-growing birds (whether high- or low-line) generally exhibited a greater capacity for glucose phosphorylation and glycolysis, but a poorer capacity for glycogen synthesis, than the slower-growing birds. At twenty weeks, growth rate and metabolic activity were similar in both strains.
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PMID:Activity of certain liver enzymes in fast- and slow-growing lines of chickens. 118 17

Biochemical pathways which are involved in energy metabolism were examined in the kidney of heat-acclimated hamsters. It was found that heat acclimation caused 47% reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase (G1c-6-Pase) activity and 40% lower rate of gluconeogenesis. No changes were found in the activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, or in kidney glycogen content. Isolated kidney mitochondria of heat-acclimated hamsters utilized 15% less oxygen than that of controls, but no differences were found in the P/O ratio. Determination of the content of some cytochromes showed a significant reduction in cytochromes c + c1, but no difference was found in the content of cytochromes a, a3, and b. These results suggest that the kidney plays a role in the reduction of energy metabolism during the process of heat acclimation.
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PMID:Energy metabolism in kidney of heat-acclimated hamsters. 120 Jan 40


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