Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A congenital erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency was found in a 72-year old female patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Erythrocyte PK deficiency was associated with an increase in the activity of hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes as well as a decrease in acetylcholinesterase, glutathione reductase and glucosephosphate isomerase activities. The enzymatic abnormalities were accompanied by alterations in hemoglobin and in i antigen content of erythrocyte membrane. In addition, bone marrow ultrastructural studies showed dyshemopoietic changes in all blood cell lines and especially in erythroblasts. The present findings confirm the close relationship between CMML and acquired dyserythropoietic syndromes and constitute a new observation of the infrequent association of hereditary erythrocyte enzymopathies and leukemia. A survey of the literature is presented.
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PMID:Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia associated with hereditary pyruvate kinase deficiency and multiple acquired erythrocyte abnormalities. 10 94

The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), hexokinase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) was measured in 78 blood samples. GSH Px activity was not found to correlate with hexokinase or EGOT activity, indicating that it was not a strongly age-dependent enzyme. Although modest elevations of GSH Px activity were observed in the red cells of patients with a variety of hematologic disorders, the most consistent and striking increases in activity were observed in G-6-PD-deficient subjects.
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PMID:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and red cell glutathione peroxidase. 83 54

It is shown in experiments is vivo that development of experimental metabolic alkalosis in rats is followed by changes in redox processes in the eye retina and tunic. For the first two months of the experiment the number of sulphydryl group decreases, while that of disulphide ones of water-soluble proteins and low-molecular compounds increases. The amount of oxidized metabolites of glycolysis and of a cycle of tricarboxylic acids (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate) increases relative to the reduced ones (lactate, isocitrate, malate), as well as activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase, while activities of fructose diphosphatase, glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase fall. The content of malonic dialdehyde increases. 90 days later disorders of certain compensatory mechanisms of the metabolic system of alkalosis regulation probably occurred in the eye retina and tunic tissues: hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activity fell to the control values, while that of NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase--below the control level; the content of lactate increased. Activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes remained low and the amount of malonic dialdehyde grew much more than in the previous terms.
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PMID:[Redox processes in the retina and tunic tissues of the rat eye in experimental alkalosis]. 144 Sep 68

To investigate how alveolar macrophages adapt themselves to oxidative pollutants in the long term, rats were exposed to a strong oxidant, ozone (O3), or a weak oxidant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), for a maximum duration of 12 wk. After exposures, alveolar macrophages were collected by pulmonary lavage. Throughout 11 wk of exposure to 0.2 ppm O3, the specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and glutathione peroxidase of the peroxidative metabolic pathway and pyruvate kinase and hexokinase of the glycolytic pathway were 40-70% elevated over the controls in alveolar macrophages. The population of alveolar macrophages was consistently 60% higher than the controls. The small-sized macrophages, immature macrophages, preferentially increased. To the contrary, the thymidine incorporation per cell was always 20-30% lower than in the controls, although the total incorporation remained unchanged. No infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurred. By 12 wk of exposures to 1.2 and 4.0 ppm NO2, the population of alveolar macrophages increased 30% over the control. Among the enzymes examined, however, only the G6PDH activity increased 10% for 4.0 ppm NO2. No increase in the enzyme activities occurred for 1.2 ppm NO2. Based on these results, alveolar macrophages adapt themselves to the long-term exposure of O3 or NO2 by recruiting immature macrophages through an apparent influx of monocytes. During the exposure to O3, the peroxidative metabolic and glycolytic pathways are enhanced persistently in alveolar macrophages, whereas both pathways were not enhanced by the exposures to NO2.
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PMID:Long-term effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the metabolism and population of alveolar macrophages. 153 82

Previous reports from our laboratory showed that rats fed a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet (UC), during an acute intervals, present important changes in macrophage metabolism and function, while a saturated fatty acid diet (SC) did not induce significant changes (10). In this study, two important questions were addressed: 1. the persistence of the changes induced by the UC and 2. the effect of a SC offered during ageing. The maximal activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminase, citrate synthase and glutathione peroxidase and the total content of lipid peroxides were measured in resident and inflammatory macrophages of rats fed control chow (CC), UC or SC during 14 months. Intraperitoneal cell migration by thioglycollate injection and the phagocytosis capacity were also evaluated. The results indicate that: 1) the changes caused by UC are exacerbated during ageing, and 2) the SC, given during a prolonged period of time, also caused important alterations of macrophage metabolism and function.
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PMID:Metabolic and functional changes in macrophages of rats fed polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acid rich-diets during ageing. 162 81

The maximal activity of key enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis were measured in the immune tissues of rats fed w-3 PUFA during 6 weeks. Total lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity were also measured. The hexokinase activity was enhanced 4-fold in the spleen and thymus, doubled in the liver and was diminished in mesenteric lymph nodes (35%). Citrate synthase activity was decreased in the spleen and lymph nodes and increased in the thymus. G-6-PDH activity was increased 2-fold in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and by 20% in the thymus whereas it was reduced (66%) in the liver. Glutathione peroxidase activity and total lipid peroxides increased in all tissues of rats fed w-3 PUFA. The results presented here suggest that w-3 PUFA, by causing important metabolic changes in the immune tissues and lipid peroxidation may lead to changes of immune function.
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PMID:Metabolic changes induced by w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich-diet (w-3 PUFA) on the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of adult rats. 181 2

Male Wistar rats were exposed to 0.2 ppm ozone (O3) for 14 days and at intervals alveolar macrophages were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage to examine the effects of O3. The specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase of alveolar macrophages increased to 1.6-fold (on the 3rd day) and 1.5-fold (on the 5th day), respectively, those of the control values. Similarly, the specific activities of pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase also increased to 1.6-fold, 1.4-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, those of the control values on the 3rd day. The activities of all enzymes tested were maintained at significantly higher levels until the 14th day. Furthermore, the incorporation of [14C]thymidine into alveolar macrophages increased twice the control values on the 1st and 3rd days and was almost completely inhibited by the addition of 1.23 x 10(-4) M aphidicolin, a competitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha. The number of alveolar macrophages collected from exposed animals also increased to 1.5-fold that of the control value on the 3rd day and was maintained at significantly higher level until the 14th day. It was noted that alveolar macrophages of small size preferentially increased between the 5th and 14th days. These results show that exposures to 0.2 ppm O3 induced a metabolic enhancement of the peroxidative metabolism, glycolysis, and DNA synthesis in alveolar macrophages and increased the macrophages of small size.
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PMID:Metabolic enhancement and increase of alveolar macrophages induced by ozone. 272 80

Our previous studies on cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells from 4-day-old rabbits showed that the glutathione redox cycle plays an important role in detoxifying H2O2, a potentially damaging oxidant present in the aqueous humor. Here we report the effect of donor age and cell density on the ability of cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells to detoxify H2O2. Lens epithelial cells (8 x 10(5] from a 4-day-old and an 8-year-old rabbit were cultured for 3 hr in minimal essential medium (MEM) or in MEM containing 0.01-0.1 mM H2O2 maintained with glucose oxidase. We determined the effect of H2O2 on the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), hexose monophosphate shunt activity, cell growth, and morphology. For growth studies, cells were exposed to the desired concentration of H2O2 for 3 hr and then cultured in MEM plus 10% rabbit serum for 7 days and counted. Young and old untreated cells contained high levels (30-40 nmol/8 x 10(5) cells) of GSH. Cells from 4-day-old rabbits tolerated 0.03 mM H2O2 with no effect on GSH and a minimal decrease in subsequent cell growth. However, in the older cells, GSH and growth were substantially diminished following treatment with 0.03 mM H2O2. Cells plated out at high density (8 x 10(5] were more tolerant of 0.03 mM H2O2 than cells plated out at low density (5 x 10(4]. Maximum shunt activity in the younger cells exposed to H2O2 was twice that of the older cells and occurred at a higher level of H2O2 (0.04 compared with 0.03 mM). Enzyme activities in untreated young and old cells were comparable for hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, glutathione reductase activity was 50% lower in the cells from the 8-year-old rabbit. The toxicity of H2O2 to cultured lens epithelial cells was directly related to donor age and inversely related to cell density. The damage in the older lens epithelial cells at 0.03 mM H2O2 was apparently due, in part, to a diminished response of the glutathione redox cycle to oxidative challenge.
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PMID:Influence of the activity of glutathione reductase on the response of cultured lens epithelial cells from young and old rabbits to hydrogen peroxide. 335 66

The enzyme activities of cultured early erythroid progenitor cells (burst-forming unit erythroid, BFU-E) were measured and were compared with the activities of mature erythrocytes. The enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase was not detectable in the erythroblasts. The ratios of phosphofructokinase and glutathione peroxidase were low due to low enzyme activities in both the erythroblasts and erythrocytes. The ratios of triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and adenylate kinase were low due to high enzyme activities in both the erythroblasts and erythrocytes. The ratios of hexokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, monophosphoglyceromutase, pyruvate kinase, and adenosine deaminase were high due to high enzyme activities in the erythroblasts. The isozyme of erythroblast hexokinase was of the prototype isozyme I, while pyruvate kinase was predominantly of the prototype M2, with two hybrid isozymes to the anodal side by electrophoresis. These facts suggest that there is a greatly different metabolic pattern during the maturation of the erythroid cells.
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PMID:Enzyme activities of cultured erythroblasts. 403 55

In order to evaluate properly red cell metabolic data obtained in newborns with congenital hemolytic disorders, the unique metabolic characteristics and normal developmental changes that occur prenatally and postnatally are presented. The age-dependent red cell glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and most glycolytic intermediates are elevated at birth and at 11 to 12 months of age, consistent with the presence of a young red cell population the entire first year of life. However, certain red cell enzymes are elevated out of proportion to the age of the red cell population [phosphoglucose isomerase. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and enolase (ENO)] whereas others are decreased [phosphofructokinase (PFK), glutathione peroxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and others]. These metabolic characteristics are felt to be unique and representative of "fetal erythropoiesis." Activities of PGK and ENO decrease the PFK increases toward normal adult values beginning at eight to nine weeks of age. The concentration of glucose-6-phosphate steadily increases after birth and peaks at three to four weeks of age, at a time when PFK activity remains relatively unchanged, suggesting a relative block in glycolysis at the PFK step secondary to an enzyme with both decreased activity and altered kinetic properties (a "fetal" isozyme). Thus, evaluation of red cell enzyme and glycolytic intermediate data obtained in the first year of life should be related to the knowledge that a young red cell population is present and the characteristic unique metabolic red cell alterations described in cord blood persist beyond the immediate neonatal period.
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PMID:Red cell enzymopathies in the newborn. I. Evaluation of red cell metabolism. 628 May 78


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