Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The intraperitoneal (IP) treatment of rats with diazinon (40 mg/kg) resulted in a variety of changes in the brain. Glycogen was depleted, but there was an increase in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and fructose 1,6 diphosphatase. The activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was unaffected while that of cholinesterase was significantly reduced. Lactic acid content was increased, while that of pyruvate was not altered. Animals developed tremors and convulsions, which were maximal two hours after treatment. The induced changes may be compensatory mechanisms to provide extra energy to cerebral tissue as a result of the stimulatory effects in diazinon-treated animals.
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PMID:Cerebral glucose and glycogen metabolism in diazinon-treated animals. 350 78

Enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and hexose monophosphate shunt were examined in cytoplasmic extracts of three serovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum. We found no glucose-6-phosphate or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, or lactic dehydrogenase activities. We failed to find cytochrome pigments in extracts and found no significant production of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose, nor did we find oxygen-dependent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity. Lactic acid was found only at trace levels in spent culture fluids. Ureaplasmas are apparently nonfermentative and are unlike all other mollicutes in that they have no detectable oxygen-dependent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity.
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PMID:Metabolic distinctiveness of ureaplasmas. 379 29

1. Lactic acid formation in supernatant fractions of homogenates of cat or rat small-intestinal mucosa was measured under optimum conditions with glucose, fructose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate or 3-phosphoglycerate as substrate. 2. Between 80 and 107% of the glycolytic activity of the homogenate was recovered in these particle-free preparations when glucose, fructose, glucose 6-phosphate or fructose 1,6-diphosphate was used as substrate. 3. Evidence was obtained that hexokinase and phosphofructokinase were the rate-limiting enzymes in the initial sequence of glycolytic reactions. The limitation of rate by hexokinase was much more pronounced in preparations from the cat than in those from the rat. 4. With subcellular preparations from cat or rat small intestine lactic acid was also formed from ribose 5-phosphate and at rates similar to those observed with glucose. 5. A higher rate of glycolysis was observed with glucose 6-phosphate as substrate with preparations from the proximal half of the small intestine of the rat as compared with the distal half. 6. Mucosal preparations from rats starved for 24-48hr. exhibited only about one-quarter of the glycolytic activity of those of fed control groups. The decreased rate of formation of lactic acid from either glucose or fructose was mainly due to a decrease in the activity of hexokinase(s). The activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and a number of other enzymes were not significantly decreased by starvation. 7. The results are discussed in relation to metabolic control of glycolysis in other mammalian tissues.
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PMID:Glucose metabolism in the mucosa of the small intestine. Glycolysis in subcellular preparations from the cat and rat. 429 Sep 84

1. Insulin deficiency induced by anti-insulin serum or streptozotocin increased glucose absorption, as measured in everted sacs of rat upper ileum incubated for 30 min with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate medium.2. Everted sacs prepared from the terminal ileum of insulin-deficient rats were able to accumulate glucose against a concentration gradient (i.e. development of active glucose transport).3. In experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin, everted sacs of upper ileum showed increased 3-methyl glucose active transport, and sacs of terminal ileum showed development of 3-methyl glucose active transport.4. Lactic acid formation during the absorption of both glucose and 3-methyl glucose was increased approximately twofold in everted sacs of insulin-deficient animals.5. Insulin added at 100 mu./ml. to the incubating media of everted sacs prepared from insulin-deficient rats did not result in a reduction of glucose absorption or reverse the other effects.6. Fluoride (5 x 10(-3)M) added to the serosal and mucosal media of sacs of terminal ileum prepared from insulin-deficient rats decreased [(14)C]CO(2) formation from [U-(14)C]glucose and lactate formation during glucose absorption, but was unable to reverse the effect of insulin deficiency on glucose active transport.7. The effects of insulin deficiency induced by streptozotocin were more striking than those induced by anti-insulin serum.8. Everted sacs prepared from rats starved for 3 days showed increased glucose active transport accompanied by diminished conversion of [U-(14)C]glucose to [(14)C]CO(2).9. The possible role of hexokinase is discussed in relation to these findings.
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PMID:The effect of insulin and insulin deficiency on the transport and metabolism of glucose by rat small intestine. 555 73

In order to study the effect of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on glycolysis in quiescent 3T3 fibroblasts and their mechanisms of action, lactic acid produced by cells and activities of key glycolytic enzymes in cell extracts were determined. Insulin increased lactic acid production; the maximal stimulation occurred at the concentrations above 250 ng/ml and the half-maximal dose was 50 ng/ml. This effect of insulin appeared as early as one hour, and lactic acid production in the presence of insulin linearly increased up to 4 h. The 24-h pretreatment with insulin exhibited no significant effect on the production by cells afterward incubated either with or without insulin. Lactic acid production decreased as the concentration of phloridzin increased. However, insulin stimulation of the production still remained in the presence of phloridzin. Parahydroxymercuribenzoate reduced production only by the equivalent of the increase due to insulin. EGF also increased lactic acid production; this effect occurred at 1 ng/ml and was maximal at 100 ng/ml. The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in quiescent cells were not increased by insulin, and the affinities for substrates of these enzymes remained unaltered. These findings suggest that glucose uptake is a rate-limiting step in glycolysis in quiescent 3T3 fibroblasts and that the stimulatory effect of insulin on glycolysis is mediated by enhanced glucose entry.
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PMID:Insulin and epidermal growth factor stimulate glycolysis in quiescent 3T3 fibroblasts with no changes in key glycolytic enzyme activities. 623 8

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from Greek traditional wheat sourdoughs manufactured without the addition of baker's yeast. Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total cell protein, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, DNA-DNA hybridization, and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, in combination with physiological traits such as fructose fermentation and mannitol production, allowed us to classify the isolated bacteria into the species Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, and Weissella cibaria. This consortium seems to be unique for the Greek traditional wheat sourdoughs studied. Strains of the species W. cibaria have not been isolated from sourdoughs previously. No Lactobacillus pontis or Lactobacillus panis strains were found. An L. brevis-like isolate (ACA-DC 3411 t1) could not be identified properly and might be a new sourdough LAB species. In addition, fermentation capabilities associated with the LAB detected have been studied. During laboratory fermentations, all heterofermentative sourdough LAB strains produced lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. Mannitol was produced from fructose that served as an additional electron acceptor. In addition to glucose, almost all of the LAB isolates fermented maltose, while fructose as the sole carbohydrate source was fermented by all sourdough LAB tested except L. sanfranciscensis. Two of the L. paralimentarius isolates tested did not ferment maltose; all strains were homofermentative. In the presence of both maltose and fructose in the medium, induction of hexokinase activity occurred in all sourdough LAB species mentioned above, explaining why no glucose accumulation was found extracellularly. No maltose phosphorylase activity was found either. These data produced a variable fermentation coefficient and a unique sourdough metabolite composition.
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PMID:The biodiversity of lactic acid bacteria in Greek traditional wheat sourdoughs is reflected in both composition and metabolite formation. 1245 Aug 29

1. Sheep-, rabbit- and ox-muscle minces prepared soon after slaughter were diluted with 1 vol. of 0.16 m-potassium chloride in the absence (potassium chloride mince) and presence of added cofactor or glycolysable substrate, and the effects on the ultimate pH were examined. 2. Changes in the concentrations of glycogen and lactate and the concentrations of some phosphorus-containing fractions were determined in ox-muscle preparations. 3. Glycolysis ceased at appreciably higher pH in the potassium chloride mince than in undiluted mince. The inclusion of glycogen, ATP, ADP, NAD or magnesium chloride in the diluent had little effect on the ultimate pH of the diluted mince. 4. Lactic acid production continued at lower pH values in diluted mince containing added glucose 1-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate or glucose plus hexokinase than in potassium chloride mince. 5. The evidence points to failure of the phosphorylase step being responsible for the dilution effect.
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PMID:Post-mortem glycolysis in skeletal muscle. The extent of glycolysis in diluted preparation of mammalian muscle. 1674 88