Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In previous papers we reported that the earlier peak time (PT) in radiorespiratory during feeding with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene(3'-Me-DAB) is due to activation of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway together with hepatic cell proliferation reflecting the toxic effects of this carcinogen. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the results of radiorespiratory and the levels of enzyme activities of HMP pathway in regenerating rat liver in connection with hepatic cell proliferation. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA and the activities of hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PD) reached a maximum at the 3rd day after partial hepatectomy. On radiorespirometry using [U-14C] glucose, the peak time (PT) was much earlier at the 2nd to 3rd day after partial hepatectomy. The peak height (PH) decreased to less than 1/2 of the initial level at the 2nd, but began to recover from the 3rd day. The yield value (YV) remained below the initial level for 4 days after the operation.
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PMID:Radiorespirometric analysis of glucose metabolism in the rat during feeding with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene--radiorespirometry after partial hepatectomy. 12 May 61

The R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma was not dependent on insulin; tumor growth was equal to or greater in diabetic rats than in intact animals. However, tumor growth was reduced when daily doses of insulin were administered. Treatment with estrogen inhibited growth of the R3230AC carcinoma, either in diabetic rats or in intact animals simultaneously treated with insulin. The effects of insulin plus estrogen treatment appeared to be additive in causing inhibition of tumor growth. Tumors from diabetic rats showed few metabolic alterations as reflected by little or no changes in the activities of selected glycolytic enzymes, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase, nor any striking changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, representing the pentose phosphate pathway. A modest reduction in the ratio of utilization of (1-14C)glucose: (6-14C)glucose was seen in vitro by tumors from diabetic rats. It was concluded that insulin, along with estrogen and prolactin, should be considered as a hormonal factor that influences growth of this automonous, hormone-responsive adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Influence of insulin on estrogen-induced responses in the r3230ac mammary carcinoma. 12 68

The metabolic activity of the red cell glycolytic pathway hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) with dependent glutathione system was studied in patients with hyperthyroidism (n = 10), hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 16), hypoglycemia (n = 25) and hyperglycemia (n = 23). In uncontrolled diabetics and patients with hyperthyroidism the mean value of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), glutathione reductase (GR) was increased, whereas these enzyme activities were reduced in patients with hypoglycemia. Apart from a few values of hexokinase (HK) which were lower than normal the results in hyperlipoproteinemia patients remained essentially unchanged, including the intermediates such as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced glutathione (GSH). While increased rates of 2,3-DPG and ATP in hypoglycemia patients were obtained, these substrates were markedly reduced in diabetics.
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PMID:Adaptation of red cell enzymes and intermediates in metabolic disorders. 12 51

Clinical and hematological studies were performed on ten homozygous and seven heterozytous individuals with pyruvate kinase deficiency, aged between 2 and 71 years. Five of the homozygotes were splenectomized. With the exception of a decreased enzyme activity between 41 and 55 per cent and minor changes in their red cell metabolism the heterozygotes showed no abnormal results. In the homozygotes the following results could be demonstrated: 1. Pyruvate kinase activity was decreased to 11 to 35 per cent of normal enzyme activity. 2. There is no relation between the severity of hemolysis and the degree of the enzyme defect. 3. The reticulocyte counts correlated inversely with the hemoglobin concentrations. 4. There is a close correlation between the activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase on the one side and reticulocyte counts on the other. 5. Adenosine triphosphate or adenosine reduced the increased autohemolysis in all cases. 6. Following splenectomy, anemia was less pronounced than before. Splenectomized patients did not need further transfusions, though hemolysis persisted.
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PMID:[Pyruvate kinase deficiency. I. Clinical and hematological observations (author's transl)]. 12 93

The regularities for changes were established in activity of hexokinase, glucokinase, glucosephosphate-isomerase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseduring the early development of loach (Misgurnus fossilis). It was found that a 30-minute incubation of fertilized loach eggs in the lactate or fumarate solutions decreases the glucokinase activity in the embryos of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 hours of their development, while the inhibitory effect of glucose on the enzyme activity is pronounced only after 18 and 24 hours of the development. A significant increase in the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities under the above-mentioned conditions is observed only under the effect of glucose 9 and 6 and 9 hours, respectively, after fertilization. The glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphofructokinase activites under the effect of used compounds undergo no changes during the primary stages of embryogenesis.
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PMID:[Enzymes of glycolysis and pentosephosphate shunt during early embryogenesis of the loach and the effect of glucose, lactate and fumarate on fertilized oocytes]. 12 65

The activity of carbohydrate metabolism certain enzymes [hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1.), glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11.1), glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49.)] was studied in the sheep skin when adding vitamin A, sodium sulphate and insulin to the basic ration. The activity of the studied enzymes in the skin was established to be rather high and depend to a considerable extent on feeding, seasonal and hormonal factors. In summer the activity of such enzymes as glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glucokinase decreases, and that of hexokinase, vice versa, increases. Vitamin A alone against a background of the basic ration almost has no effect on the activity of the enzymes, with the exception of phosphofructokinase in certain periods of the experiment. More noticeable shifts in the activity of the enzymes were observed in the case when vitamin A and sodium sulphate were added to the ration of sheep, and also with the injection of insulin. In such cases in the sheep skin there occurs first of all an increase in the activity of glucokinase and glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase.
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PMID:[Activity of some carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in sheep skin]. 13 Jul 4

In a group of ten adult obese subjects, maintained for 15 days on a normal caloric intake and balanced diet, the activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1),6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), and ATP citratelyase (EC 4.1.3.8) in the adipose tissue was significantly increased, both on a protein and on a fat cell number basis, compared to matched normal subjects. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.40), on the other hand, was unchanged. Since both hexokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase are rate-limiting in glycolysis, their enhanced activity would indicate the occurrence of an increased capacity to metabolize glucose and therefore to generate alpha-glycerophosphate. The elevation of ATP citrate-lyase would suggest increased lipogenesis, owing to the regulatory role that this enzyme plays in fatty acid synthesis. The normal activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), which supply NADPH for the reduction of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids, would suggest that the change in lipogenesis is of moderate degree, thereb) affecting only the most rate-limiting enzyme, ATP citrate-lyase. These data, on the whole, are consistent with the occurrence of enhanced triglyceride formation. Whether the enzyme changes observed are adaptive or genetic in nature remains to be clarified.
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PMID:Enzymes related to lipogenesis in the adipose tissue of obese subjects. 13 Dec 32

When Cladosporium resinae is provided with n-hexadecane and glucose, n-hexadecane is used preferentially. Studies using [14C]glucose indicated that n-hexadecane did not inhibit glucose uptake but did retard oxidation of glucose to CO2 and assimilation of glucose carbon into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. Glucose could be recovered quantitatively from hydrocarbon-grown cells that had been transferred to glucose. Four enzymes that may be involved in glucose metabolism, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, and succinate dehydrogenase, were not detected in cells grown on hexadecane but were present in cells grown on glucose. Addition of hexadecane to extracts of glucose-grown cells resulted in immediate loss of activity for each of the four enzymes, but two other enzymes did not directly involved in glucose metabolism, adenosine triphosphatase and alanine-ketoacid aminotransferase, were not inhibited by hexadecane in vitro. Cells grown on hexadecane and transferred to glucose metabolize intracellular hexadecane; after 1 day, activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, and succinate dehydrogenase could be detected and 22% of the intracellular hydrocarbon had been metabolized. Hexadecane-grown cells transferred to glucose plus cycloheximide showed the same level of activity of all the four enzymes as cells transferred to glucose alone. Thus, intracellular n-hexadecane or a metabolite of hexadecane can inthesis of those enzymes is not inhibited.
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PMID:Inhibition of glucose metabolism by n-hexadecane in Cladosporium (Amorphotheca) resinae. 13 54

Adipose tissue and liver from vitamin B6-deficient rats have an increased lipogenic capacity. Whether this phenomenon is accompanied by changes in the activities of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid, or by altered transport of glucose into adipocytes, has been studied. Five glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase), two pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), malic enzyme, and ATP citrate lyase were measured in the epididymal adipose tissue, livers and kidneys of vitamin B6-deficient and control rats. Vitamin B6 deficiency did not significantly affect the glycolytic enzyme levels in the tissues studied, or the dehydrogenases measured in adipose tissue and kidneys. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and adipose tissue and liver malic enzyme were significantly lowered in deficient rats compared to ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Adipose tissue and liver ATP citrate lyase activities were also significantly decreased by vitamin B6 deficiency. In the presence of insulin, the uptake of glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose, a non-metabolizable sugar, by fat pads from deficient rats was greater than uptake by fat pads from control rats. These observations suggest that the increased glucose utilization by adipose tissue and liver of vitamin B6-deficient rats is not directly related to changes in the enzymes studied, but in the case of adipose tissue, may be explained, at least in part, by enhanced glucose uptake.
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PMID:Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on liver, kidney, and adipose tissue enzymes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and on glucose uptake by rat epididymal adipose tissue. 13 63

Extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats were removed and injected with a solution of Marcaine plus hyaluronidase. After incubation in Marcaine solution for 10 min, the muscles were grafted into their original beds. The grafts and the contralateral control muscles were removed from the rats at 0, 1-5, 7, 11, 36, and 69 days postoperatively. The muscles were then frozen in dry ice and isopentane and subsequently homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for a number of enzymes, the regenerative patterns of which can be classified into 3 groups: (1) early increase in activity: hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; (2) early decrease in activity with failure to recover to control levels: phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; and (3) early decrease followed by return to control levels: lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine phosphokinase, adenylate kinase. These patterns are not identical to those reported for embryogenesis of muscle. The data are discussed with regard to correlative histological studies of muscle regeneration.
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PMID:Developmental patterns of glycolytic enzymes in regenerating skeletal muscle after autogenous free grafting. 14 74


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