Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to examine the inheritance, expression, and linkage relationships among eight enzyme genes in the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus. A fructose-specific hexokinase (FHK), adenylate kinase (ADK), and two forms of aconitase (ACON-A, ACON-C) appeared to have monomeric quaternary structures. A glycylleucine peptidase (PEP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and anodally migrating malate dehydrogenase (MDH-A) were apparently dimers. The quaternary structure of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) could not be determined because of the similarity in relative mobility of the two available electromorphs. The genes for GPI, FHK, and ADK are located on the X chromosome in the following order: Adk - 37.4 - Gpi - 24.6 - Fhk, with Adk - Fhk being 46.5 map units apart. The remaining five genes were autosomally inherited. Of the 10 possible paired combinations of these genes, only the data for two pairs, Idh-Mdh (44.5% recombinants) and Acon-A--Acon-C (46.4% recombinants), suggested statistically significant linkage.
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PMID:Expression, inheritance, and linkage relationships among eight enzyme genes in Dermacentor albipictus (Packard) (Acarina: Ixodidae). 358 75

Orchidectomy of rats resulted in increased concentration and whole organ amount of DNA both in the epididymal fat pad and liver. Liver hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities were raised after orchidectomy, but were normalized by testosterone substitution. Several glycolytic enzymes, and fumarase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased by orchidectomy in epididymal fat. Most of the enzyme changes tended to normalize after testosterone administration. Activities of NADPH generating enzymes were increased after orchidectomy both in liver and epididymal fat. When related to DNA, several enzyme activities in both tissues fell following castration. However, liver HK, PFK and NADPH generating enzymes, as well as epididymal fat HK and isocitrate dehydrogenase were elevated after castration also when related to DNA. The results suggest that the influence of testosterone on cell proliferation is organ-specific. The observed enzyme alterations after orchidectomy might partly explain fat accumulation and hyperlipoproteinemia encountered in castrates.
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PMID:Effect of orchidectomy and testosterone substitution on enzyme activities and DNA content in rat liver and epididymal fat. 399 30

The effect of hypoparathyroidism and low blood calcium on enzyme levels in rat liver and kidney is shown. Four animal groups were used: parathyroidectomized (PTX), PTX with CaCl2 added in the drinking water, sham-operated controls and sham-operated with CaCl2 added in the drinking water. PTX significantly lowered serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium. Supplementation of CaCl2 in the drinking water increased serum Ca levels in PTX rats but not in the controls. Significant changes in several liver and kidney enzymes were seen. Most affected were the liver NADP dependent enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme. Similar patterns but with relatively smaller changes were seen in the liver enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and aspartate transferase. No significant differences between the groups were seen in the levels of malic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase and cholinesterase. In the kidney, which was less affected than the liver, the only significant difference was seen in the level of malic enzyme. Serum total lipids in the PTX group were significantly lower. All the changes seen were partially reversed by Ca supplementation in the drinking water.
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PMID:Biochemical change in the liver and kidney of rats following parathyroidectomy. 400 1

The metabolic properties of mitochondria from rat cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb were investigated. The pyruvate-supported oxygen uptake rates by olfactory bulb mitochondria were significantly lower than those by cerebrocortical mitochondria. This is consistent with the differences in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities between these mitochondrial preparations. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase activities in olfactory bulb mitochondria were significantly lower than those in cerebrocortical mitochondria. However, NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, and NAD-linked and NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activities in olfactory bulb mitochondria were significantly higher than those in cerebrocortical mitochondria. The differences between these two mitochondrial preparations in terms of the activities of these energy-metabolizing enzymes reflect the differences detected in the homogenates of these regions.
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PMID:Differences in some of the metabolic properties of mitochondria isolated from cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb of the rat. 404 57

Modifications of enzyme activities (creatine kinase and its B subunit; adenylate kinase; hexokinase; phosphofructokinase; lactate dehydrogenase; malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase; acetylcarnitine transferase; beta-hydroxyacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase; cytochrome c oxidase) in gastrocnemius muscle and myocardium were reported after two forms of training with or without administration of anabolic steroid. Endurance training was on a horizontal motor-driven treadmill, 2 km X hr-1, 5 days a week for 0.5 hr per day for 5 weeks. In the case of power endurance training there was a slope of 45 degrees. Enzyme activities in controls and treated guinea pigs, as well as treatment-induced enzyme activity changes are time dependent. Some of these activities correlate linearly with one another; such correlations characterize the effect of adaptation. Endurance training and power endurance training in this study induce similar modifications and seem to differ essentially in the daily work load. The anabolic steroid methandrostenolone (dianabol) induces modifications which training does not bring about but which training at least partially eliminates.
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PMID:Effects of training and methandrostenolone (an anabolic steroid) on energy metabolism in the guinea pig: changes in enzyme activities in gastrocnemius muscle and myocardium. 407 21

The effects of exogenously administered 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) on glycogen synthesis and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes were studied in the uteri of immature and ovariectomized rats to determine whether cyclic AMP mimics the known effects of estrogenic hormones. The injection of cyclic AMP concurrently with theophylline, significantly increased the activity of uterine hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and uterine glycogen content in immature rats (p less than .05). These increases were related to the dose of cyclic AMP, and as little as .2 mg was able to stimulate uterine glycogen to 169% of control values. The treatment did not significantly increase the activity of the key glycolytic or hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes in the lung and thymus, although these tissues are also not receptive to estrogen. Neither estradiol-17beta or cyclic AMP and theophylline produced any measurable effect on the uterine enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase, or alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. In ovariectomized and adrenalectomized-ovariectomized animals, cyclic AMP and theophylline significantly stimulated the activity of key glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes (p less than .05); the N6, 02-dibutyryl analog of cyclic AMP being more potent than the parent compound. Pretreatment with actinomycin or cycloheximide significantly inhibited the effects of cyclic AMP and theophylline (p less than .05), which indicates that neither cyclic AMP stimulation or the inhibition of the effects of cyclic AMP were dependent on adrenal function. The results support the possiblity that cyclic AMP may be involved in mediating the metabolic effects of estrogen on the uterus.
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PMID:Metabolic control mechanisms in mammalian systems. XV. Studies on the role of adenosine 3' ,5'-monophosphate in estrogen action on the uterus. 411 Aug 9

Van Etten, James L. (University of Illinois, Urbana), H. Peter Molitoris, and David Gottlieb. Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola. J. Bacteriol. 91:169-175. 1966.-The rate of respiration of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola decreased with age. This decrease in respiratory rate might be produced by a decrease in the specific activity of one or more enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Specific activities in cell-free extracts were measured for most of the enzymes in the hexose monophosphate shunt, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and terminal electron-transport system. In addition, glucose oxidase, isocitritase, and malic enzyme were measured. In R. solani, increases in activity with age occurred for hexokinase, alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase. Decreases occurred for phosphohexokinase, aconitase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, and at least one of the enzymes between 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate. In S. bataticola, increases in activity with age were observed for phosphohexokinase, pyruvic dehydrogenase, fumarase, malic dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme, whereas none of the enzymes decreased. The specific activities of the remaining enzymes did not change with age in either fungus.
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PMID:Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola. 428 29

The antifungal antibiotic flavensomycin inhibited the oxidation of amino acids and of glucose by Penicillium oxalicum. The compound inhibited l-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.2) activity for l-leucine and l-phenylalanine, and also d-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) in the oxidation for dl-alanine. The addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide, which is a cofactor for this enzyme, antagonized the action of the antibiotic. Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) was also inhibited. The antibiotic inhibited the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH(2)) cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.1) as well as the much slower nonenzymatic reduction of this cytochrome by the nucleotide. Reduced cytochrome c was also oxidized nonenzymatically by flavensomycin. The antibiotic completely inhibited the action of rabbit muscle lactic dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in promoting the reduction of pyruvate by NADH(2) but only slightly affected the reverse reaction. Alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) was also similarly inhibited. Flavensomycin prevented the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate by isocitrate in the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42). The hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1)-catalyzed phosphorylation of glucose, in which the adenosine triphosphate acts as a phosphate donor, was only slightly affected. Flavensomycin also inhibited the action of yeast lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.2.3) on the reduction of cytochrome c. High concentrations of cytochrome c were antagonistic to this reaction. The results point to an interference with enzymatically controlled hydrogen or electron transfer as the mechanism of the antifungal activity of flavensomycin.
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PMID:Flavensomycin, an inhibitor of enzyme reactions involving hydrogen transfer. 438 33

The activities of hexokinase, citrate-cleavage enzyme, ;malic enzyme' and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase have been measured in the adipose tissue, testes and adrenals of normal rats, hypophysectomized rats and hypophysectomized rats treated with either thyroxine or thyroxine plus luteinizing hormone. Hypophysectomy reduced the activity of all four enzymes in all three tissues. Thyroxine alone restored the activity of all four enzymes in adipose tissue towards normal but failed to do so in either testes or adrenals. Thyroxine and luteinizing hormone restored the citrate-cleavage enzyme activity of testes and increased the activity of hexokinase from the low value after hypophysectomy. Neither ;malic enzyme' nor isocitrate dehydrogenase was increased by thyroxine or thyroxine and luteinizing hormone in testes. The differential stimulation of enzyme activity by thyroxine in the different tissues suggests thyroxine as having a special significance in adipose-tissue lipogenesis.
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PMID:Influence of thyroxine and luteinizing hormone on some enzymes concerned with lopogenesis in adipose tissue, testis and adrenal gland. 600 41

Adriamycin is used for the treatment of leukemia and other neoplastic processes. Unfortunately the drug has a toxic effect on some tissues. Cardiotoxicity in particular limits the use of the drug. Several hypotheses have been given to explain adriamycin heart toxicity. The authors have studied the effect of the drug on the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase-NADP, malic enzyme, 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase-NAD+, hexokinase, and phosphofructokinase. They observed that adriamycin inhibits the NADP-dependent enzymes, and that the sulfhydryl group of the enzymes may be involved in the inhibitory action of adriamycin.
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PMID:[Study of the inhibition produced by adriamycin against specific enzymes in the rat heart]. 610 Apr 65


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