Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hindlimb hypokinesia was induced in young and old rats. After 3 weeks, the activities of five enzymes have been measured in soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Soleus showed increased activity of hexokinase and decreased activity of phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in both groups. The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase was decreased in the old muscle. Medial gastrocnemius showed decreased activity of phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase in both groups. The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase was decreased in the old muscle whereas hexokinase increased its activity in the young one. It is concluded that suspension hypokinesia results in changes at the enzymatic level. These changes appear to be related to the age of the muscle and to its fibre composition.
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PMID:Enzymatic adaptations to suspension hypokinesia in skeletal muscle of young and old rats. 407 75

Van Etten, James L. (University of Illinois, Urbana), H. Peter Molitoris, and David Gottlieb. Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola. J. Bacteriol. 91:169-175. 1966.-The rate of respiration of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola decreased with age. This decrease in respiratory rate might be produced by a decrease in the specific activity of one or more enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Specific activities in cell-free extracts were measured for most of the enzymes in the hexose monophosphate shunt, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and terminal electron-transport system. In addition, glucose oxidase, isocitritase, and malic enzyme were measured. In R. solani, increases in activity with age occurred for hexokinase, alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase. Decreases occurred for phosphohexokinase, aconitase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, and at least one of the enzymes between 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate. In S. bataticola, increases in activity with age were observed for phosphohexokinase, pyruvic dehydrogenase, fumarase, malic dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme, whereas none of the enzymes decreased. The specific activities of the remaining enzymes did not change with age in either fungus.
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PMID:Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola. 428 29

(1) A ;cycling' method involving citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was modified by the inclusion of succinyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.5) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) to permit the determination of very small amounts of succinyl-CoA in addition to CoA and acetyl-CoA. (2) Application of this technique to blowfly (Phormia regina) flight-muscle extracts reveals no change in acetyl-CoA concentration, a slight fall in CoA concentration and a rise in succinyl-CoA concentration during flight. (3) Extraction of isolated mitochondria during controlled (state 4) pyruvate oxidation reveals essentially only acetyl-CoA. Activation of respiration by ADP (state 3) or uncoupling agents leads to a fall in acetyl-CoA and a rise in CoA and succinyl-CoA content. (4) The presence of glycerol phosphate in addition to pyruvate results in a lower acetyl-CoA content in state 4. (5) It is contended that these results are consistent with a primary control of one of the reactions of the tricarboxylate cycle, rather than of pyruvate dehydrogenase, during the state 4 oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria, and that the modulation of citrate synthase activity by the ratio of acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA is unimportant under these conditions.
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PMID:The control of tricarboxylate-cycle of oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of coenzyme A, acetyl-coenzyme A and succinyl-coenzyme A in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria. 446 39

Some antitumor agents known to specifically inhibit certain tumor cell enzymes were examined for activity against glycolytic enzymes and growth of the insect trypanosomatid, Crithidia fasciculata. The cytoplasmic enzymes hexokinase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were tested. Agaricic acid (2-hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecane tricarboxylic acid) was highly inhibitory (50 to 100%) to malic and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases at approximately 3 x 10(-5)m; 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylpropane (2 x 10(-4)m), and 5,6-dichloro-2-benzoxazolinone (5 x 10(-4)m) were less effective (50% inhibition) against them. The antiprotozoal agents primaquine (4 x 10(-4)m) and Melarsoprol (8 x 10(-4)m) were 30 to 40% inhibitory. Agaricic acid, 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylpropane, and 5,6-dichloro-2-benzoxazolinone inhibited growth of Crithidia at less than 10(-4)m. Eight other test compounds from the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) were not toxic to cell growth, although two (4-biphenylcarboxylic acid and 1-[p-chlorobenzyl]-2-ethyl-5-methyl-indole-3-acetic acid) inhibited Crithidia alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase below 1 mm. All of the compounds used specifically inhibited cancer cell alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The corresponding enzyme in pathogenic African trypanosomes is important in their terminal respiration. C. fasciculata may be useful in preliminary evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents as potential trypanocides.
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PMID:Effects of some antitumor agents on growth and glycolytic enzymes of the flagellate Crithidia. 578 78

The freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus, was exposed to a sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride (3 micrograms/liter) for 120 days and the following effects were examined: changes in the levels of glucose and lactic acid in blood and of glycogen and lactic acid in liver and muscles; rate of absorption of glucose from the intestine; and changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), L-amino acid oxidase (AO), and xanthine oxidase (XO) in brain, gills, intestine, kidney, liver, and muscles. Mercury-treated fish were hypoglycemic and hypolactemic. The glycogen content of liver and muscles remained unaltered but the muscle lactic acid level decreased significantly. The rate of intestinal absorption of glucose was reduced significantly by exposure to mercury. G-6-Pase activity was decreased in all the tissues. Hexokinase activity also decreased in mercury-exposed fish but it was significant only in intestine, kidney, and liver. The activities of LDH, PDH, SDH, and MDH also were decreased significantly except LDH in brain and MDH in kidney where an insignificant decrease and an insignificant increase, respectively, were recorded. GDH and AO activities were elevated in most of the tissues except GDH in gills, and AO in gills and muscles where a decrease was observed. XO activity in brain, gills, and kidneys was significantly elevated, but no marked alteration was noted in other tissues.
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PMID:Effect of mercuric chloride on some biochemical and physiological parameters of the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. 608 7

The activity of hepatic fructokinase increased about 2-fold in desert-derived spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and laboratory bred albino mice and rats, maintained on a 50% sucrose diet for 3 months. The role of fructose as the specific inducer was apparent, as 25% fructose diet produced activity increases similar to those of sucrose in contrast to 25% glucose diet. The activity of hexokinase was not affected by the sucrose diet, that of glucokinase rose marginally but those of pyruvate kinase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase rose pronouncedly, especially in the spiny mice. Fructokinase activity increased significantly only after 2 weeks on the diet and continued to rise gradually. The activities of other gycolytic enzymes rose markedly already after 3 days and peaked at about 14 days. Fasting for 48 hr did not influence fructokinase activity while markedly reducing that of glucokinase, pyruvate kinase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Streptozotocin diabetes in rats resulted in a 40% reduction in fructokinase activity after 14 days which was restored after 6 days of insulin treatment. The activity increases of other glycolytic enzymes were more marked. However, the fructokinase induction on the sucrose diet was evident also in diabetic rats, suggesting that the insulin and substrate effects are independent. The preference of fructose over glucose phosphorylation capacity was clearly demonstrable in the non-diabetic and diabetic rats and became enhanced on sucrose feeding. The activity of triokinase also increased on the sucrose diet in the 3 rodent species, suggesting a coordinative substrate effect on the induction of these two rate-limiting fructolysis enzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Response of hepatic fructokinase to long-term sucrose diets and diabetes in spiny mice, albino mice and rats. 608 70

Adriamycin is used for the treatment of leukemia and other neoplastic processes. Unfortunately the drug has a toxic effect on some tissues. Cardiotoxicity in particular limits the use of the drug. Several hypotheses have been given to explain adriamycin heart toxicity. The authors have studied the effect of the drug on the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase-NADP, malic enzyme, 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase-NAD+, hexokinase, and phosphofructokinase. They observed that adriamycin inhibits the NADP-dependent enzymes, and that the sulfhydryl group of the enzymes may be involved in the inhibitory action of adriamycin.
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PMID:[Study of the inhibition produced by adriamycin against specific enzymes in the rat heart]. 610 Apr 65

Cells of the aerotolerant anaerobe Giardia lamblia respire in the presence of oxygen. Endogenous respiration is stimulated by glucose but not by other carbohydrates and Krebs cycle intermediates. Endogenous and glucose-stimulated respiration are insensitive to cyanide, malonate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but are inhibited by atabrin and iodoacetamide. G. lamblia produces ethanol, acetate and CO2 both aerobically and anaerobically either from endogenous reserves or exogenous glucose. Molecular hydrogen is not produced. The following enzyme activities were detected in homogenates: hexokinase, fructose-biphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), pyruvate synthase, acetyl-CoA synthetase, alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+), NADH dehydrogenase, NADPH dehydrogenase, NADPH oxidoreductase and superoxide dismutase. The enzymes of energy and carbohydrate metabolism are nonsedimentable (109 000 x g for 30 min). Activities of lactate dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, phosphate acetyltransferase, acetate kinase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase and catalase were below the limits of detection. The results suggest the occurrence of glycolysis, energy production by substrate level phosphorylation and a flavin, iron-sulfur protein mediated electron transport system as well as the absence of cytochrome mediated oxidative phosphorylation and functional Krebs cycle.
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PMID:Energy metabolism of the anaerobic protozoon Giardia lamblia. 610 7

In order to test the possible involvement of surface proteins on some metabolical aspects of chick glial cell differentiation in culture, perturbations were induced on the glial cell surface membrane by limited trypsinization before seeding. The developmental changes of enzymes involved in the energy metabolism of the cell: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), hexokinase (HK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), enolase as well as glutamine synthetase (GS) were determined in trypsin treated cells and controls. The total protein and DNA content per dish was higher in treated cells than in controls, however the protein ratio towards DNA remained unchanged. The levels of GS, GDH, LDH, and enolase activities were significantly enhanced after trypsin treatment of the cells compared to controls. The enhanced value of total LDH activity is essentially the result of the increase of M subunit containing isoenzymes. Considering that a higher level of GS activity characterizes some maturation of the glial cells (as observed during the maturation of the chick brain) it is apparent that modifications of cell surface located factors, by trypsin treatment, induce differentiation phenomena at the functional state of the glial cells in culture. This may indicate that interactions located at the cell surface are involved in the modulation of key enzymes of the energy metabolism pathway.
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PMID:Trypsinization of chick glial cells before seeding: effects on energy metabolism enzymes and glutamine synthetase. 614 Jun 46

The technique of isoelectrofocusing has been used to compare culture forms of 12 stocks of T. cruzi isolated in different regions of Venezuela. The following seven enzymes have been used for the characterization: unspecific esterase (E.C.3.1.1), malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.37), "malic enzyme" (E.C.1.1.1.40), hexokinase (E.C.2.7.1.1), phosphoglucomutase (E.C.2.7.5.1), glucosephosphate isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.49). The isoelectrofocusing method allows to determine reproducible enzyme patterns of high selectivity and with a number of bands. This permits to recognize possible differences within the T. cruzi-complex much easier than previous methods. The Venezuelan T. cruzi stocks showed a remarkable homogenous behaviour concerning the enzyme profiles. Most of them were identical. Different types seen for "malic enzyme", phosphoglucomutase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed in only three stocks, It was not possible to find a clear relationship between the types and the histories of stocks.
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PMID:The use of isoelectrofocusing in thin layer polyacrylamide and agarose gels as a method for the characterization of Venezuelan Trypanosoma cruzi stocks. 621 77


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