Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (SACS), a sulphur containing amino acid of garlic which is the precursor of allicin and garlic oil, has been found to show significant antidiabetic effects in alloxan diabetic rats. Administration of it at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight decreased significantly the concentration of serum lipids, blood glucose and activities of serum enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and liver glucose-6-phosphatase. It increased significantly liver and intestinal HMG CoA reductase activity and liver hexokinase activity.
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PMID:Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. 150 36

The association of glycolytic enzymes with the particulate fraction of the cell was assessed in the brain of the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, using three different methodologies. Each method showed that a large percentage of each of eight enzymes was bound in brain. The effect of environmental anoxia (5 or 20 h submergence in N2-bubbled water at 7 degrees C) on the distribution of enzymes between free and bound states was analyzed. All three techniques showed a significant increase in the percentages of brain aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase bound during anoxia and no change in lactate dehydrogenase or creatine kinase binding. Two methodologies also showed an increase in the percent bound during anoxia for hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and phosphoglycerate kinase. An increased association of glycolytic enzymes with structural elements of the cell during anoxia may physically position the glycolytic pathway to facilitate coupling between this ATP-generating pathway and ATP-utilizing processes, such as membrane ion pumps.
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PMID:Subcellular enzyme binding and the regulation of glycolysis in anoxic turtle brain. 153 98

Exogenous ATP administered by intraperitoneal injection of 700 mg/kg has been used to provide radioprotection of BALB/c mice after a lethal dose of whole body irradiation (6 Gy). This comprised the beam from a neutron therapy facility produced by the reaction p(66 MeV)/Be. Survival of the mice, using 30 days post-irradiation as the endpoint, was increased from 40% to 85% by action of the exogenous ATP. Furthermore, ATP's glucoregulatory effects, which modify basal physiological regulatory processes were studied in the testes and caused significant augmentation in the activities of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase when compared with neutron radiation alone. Finally ATP reduced the activity of testicular acid phosphatase, an indicator of lytic processes in the tissues damaged. These radioprotection actions in BALB/c mice reflect an adaptive defence mechanism to maintain homeostasis in response to the radiation injury.
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PMID:Response of normal BALB/c mouse tissue to p(66 MeV)/Be fast neutron radiation: protection by exogenous ATP. 155 22

Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1 (DSM 6192) fermented glucose to lactate, acetate, CO2, and H2 with concomitant formation of cell material. The cell dry mass yield was 20.0 g/mol of glucose. From the fermentation balance data and knowledge of the fermentation pathway, a YATP of 9.22 g of dry mass per mol of ATP was calculated for pH-uncontrolled batch-culture growth on glucose in a mineral medium. Measurement of enzyme activities in glucose-grown cells revealed that glucose was taken up by a permease and then subjected to ATP-dependent phosphorylation by a hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate was further metabolized to pyruvate through the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. The phosphoryl donor for phosphofructokinase activity was PPi rather than ATP. This was also found for the type strain of S. thermophila, Z-1203 (DSM 6578). PPi was probably formed by pyrophosphoroclastic cleavage of ATP, with recovery of the resultant AMP by the activity of adenylate kinase. All other measured kinase activities utilized ATP as the phosphoryl donor. Pyruvate was further metabolized to acetyl coenzyme A with concomitant production of H2 and CO2 by pyruvate synthase. Lactate was also produced from pyruvate by a fructose-1,6-diphosphate-insensitive lactate dehydrogenase. Evidence was obtained for the transfer of reducing equivalents from the glycolytic pathway to hydrogenase to produce H2. No formate dehydrogenase or significant ethanol-producing enzyme activities were detected.
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PMID:Glucose catabolism by Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1. 155 64

The activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in young-adult (4 months), mature (12 months), and senescent (24 months) rats were compared after continuous (72 consecutive h) exposure to normobaric hypoxia or normoxia after the vasodilator naftidrofuryl or saline solution had been given intraperitoneally for 30 consecutive days. The maximum rats (Vmax) of the following enzyme activities in the crude extract and/or the crude mitochondrial fraction of each muscle specimen were evaluated for: the anaerobic glycolytic pathway (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citrate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase), the electron transfer chain (cytochrome oxidase), and the NAD+/NADH redox state (total NADH cytochrome c reductase). The significance of differences between the enzyme activities at different ages or under different experimental conditions in the two tissue preparations of the two muscles were determined by ANOVA. MCA and ETA2 were used to evaluate the net effects of the experimental conditions. First, aging did not seem to affect the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in the same way. In the gastrocnemius muscle, the major changes were seen in enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, in the crude extracts. In the soleus muscle, the more striking changes in enzyme activities as a function of aging were found in the crude mitochondrial fraction. We also found that hypoxia caused more important changes in 12-month-old rats than in those of other ages (especially the enzyme activities of the gastrocnemius muscle). Naftidrofuryl modified the effects of hypoxia only sometimes and further investigations are necessary before we can draw any conclusions about the pharmacological activity of naftidrofuryl in hypoxia.
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PMID:Effects of hypoxia and pharmacological treatment on enzyme activities in skeletal muscle of rats of different ages. 164 27

Na-K ATPase activity in the brain decreased significantly after diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in rats. Largest decreases were observed in the hippocampus (-30%) and the cerebral cortex (-26%). Smaller decreases were observed in the thalamus (-13%), hypothalamus (-11%) and brain stem (-10%). Na-K ATPase activity in the striatum and the cerebellum were not significantly decreased. The varied decreases suggest that the regional variation of the enzyme is enhanced in the diabetic state. The enzymes of glucose metabolic pathway, namely hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase in the brain regions largely remained unchanged although increases in lactate dehydrogenase were observed in some regions. Acetylcholinesterase activity, a marker for the cholinergic system, remains unaltered in the brain during diabetes. The results are discussed with respect to the possible metabolic factors which alter the Na-K ATPase in the brain and its comparison with the peripheral nerve.
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PMID:Diabetes induced by streptozotocin causes reduced Na-K ATPase in the brain. 166 46

Primary cultures of renal rabbit proximal tubule cells were initiated from a pure suspension of proximal tubule fragments. Proximal tubule cells were grown in a hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium containing low concentrations of antibiotics. Confluent monolayers exhibited multicellular dome formation, indicating the presence of transepithelial solute and water transport. Ultrastructural examination revealed a monolayer of polarized epithelial cells with tight junctions and sparse membraneous microvilli facing the culture medium. Time course biochemical characterization was performed using a palette of 12 enzymes, representative of important metabolic functions or pathways. Brush-border-associated enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase) were moderately reduced throughout the culture whereas alkaline phosphatase was markedly decreased at confluency. Mitochondrial and lysosomal marker enzymes were well preserved over the culture period. Glutathione-S-transferase activity remained stable during the 16-day culture period investigated. Glycolysis enzyme activities (lactate dehydrogenase and hexokinase) were enhanced, as a function of culture age. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity rise was concomitant with the increase of glycolysis marker enzymes. In contrast, the gluconeogenesis marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase, fell dramatically to reach a low level equivalent to 4% of the activity measured in isolated proximal tubules. Primary cultures exhibited several differentiated functions of the proximal tubule cell: (a) PTH alone was able to induce a significant stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, unlike isoproterenol, thyrocalcitonin, and arginine vasopressin, and (b) sodium-dependent alpha-methylglucoside (AMG) transport was detected. This AMG uptake was selectively inhibited by phlorizin (5 X 10(-3) M), which is a competitive inhibitor of glucose uptake at the apical membrane. Complete characterization made it possible to investigate hitherto unexplored aspects of in vitro cultured proximal tubule cells. This primary culture model could provide a useful and reliable tool to investigate in vitro renal proximal tubule function, under normal conditions or after a drug-induced toxicity.
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PMID:Biochemical, functional, and morphological characterization of a primary culture of rabbit proximal tubule cells. 167

The effects of training and naftidrofuryl treatment were observed in 21-month-old Long-Evans rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally twice daily for 8 weeks with 7 mg.kg-1 of naftidrofuryl acid (SN, TN), or with 7 mg.kg-1 fumaric acid (SC and TC) or used as solvent. Training groups (TC, TN) started a progressive 8-week training programme of treadmill exercise. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hexokinase (HK), citrate synthase (CS) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Co-A-dehydrogenase (HAD), were measured in Soleus (SOL), Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) and Diaphragm (DIA) muscles. The mean VO2max value was 65 ml.min-1.kg-1 for 21-month-old rats. The training protocol induced increases in the mean VO2max values in the TC and TN groups, 71.8 and 74.4 ml.min-1.kg-1. In sedentary groups (SN), naftidrofuryl increased enzymatic activities (HK, CS, HAD) in the three muscles examined. When the animals underwent 8 weeks of physical training, the enzymatic activities (HK, CS, HAD) increased in SOL, EDL and DIA. When training was combined with naftidrofuryl treatment the increases in enzymatic activities were greater than those induced by training alone. However, the total changes did not differ for the sum of the changes produced by each condition alone.
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PMID:Enzymatic adaptations to treadmill training under the influence of naftidrofuryl acid in diaphragm and limb muscles of old rats. 171 85

1. The relationship between red cell aging and enzyme activities was studied in rabbit, guinea-pig, hamster, rats (F344/N and SD), and mice (BALB/c and DBA/2). 2. The activities of six enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), hexokinase (Hx), glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were measured in the red cells of different ages which were obtained either by centrifugation or experimental anaemia. 3. Hx, AChE and GOT activities were much higher in younger red cells than in older cells, hence the activities of these enzymes may be used as an indicator of age of the cells.
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PMID:The relationship between red cell aging and enzyme activities in experimental animals. 176 9

1. Cells from the bone marrow and cells from the thymus of the rat were incubated in the presence of glucose and glutamine and phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin-A or lipopolysaccharide. Cells were harvested at times up to 4 hr, extracted and maximum activities of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase or glutaminase measured. 2. In bone marrow cells, there were little changes in enzyme activities except for an increase in the activity of citrate synthase which was prevented by concanavalin-A. This mitogen also caused a decrease in the activity of hexokinase. 3. In contrast, in thymocytes, the activities of hexokinase and glutaminase were decreased in the control condition but addition of lipopolysaccharide, a B-cell mitogen prevented these decreases in activity and concanavalin-A maintained the activity of glutaminase. Concanavalin-A caused a decrease in hexokinase activity but a marked increase in that of glutaminase. 4. It is suggested that changes in the maximum activities of hexokinase and glutaminase over this 4 hr period may represent the effect of removal of thymus-produced growth factors, whose effects can be replaced, at least in part, by two mitogens.
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PMID:Effect of B- and T-cell mitogens on the maximum activities of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and glutaminase in bone marrow cells and thymocytes of the rat during four hours of culture. 177 87


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